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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Corticosteroids vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.49, 0.95] | 7 studies · 793 participants | Low |
Antihistamines vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.47, 2.11] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Antihistamines vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Antihistamines vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.3, 0.64] | 4 studies · 514 participants | Low |
Antihistamines vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.29, 0.81] | 3 studies · 333 participants | Very low |
Anticholinergics vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.51, 0.87] | 4 studies · 453 participants | Low |
Anticholinergics vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.54] | 4 studies · 453 participants | Very low |
Anticholinergics vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.29, 0.73] | 11 studies · 1414 participants | Very low |
Anticholinergics vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74] | 1 study · 161 participants | Low |
Sedatives vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.51, 0.82] | 8 studies · 593 participants | Moderate |
Sedatives vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.52] | 8 studies · 593 participants | Moderate |
Sedatives vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71] | 2 studies · 145 participants | Very low |
Sedatives vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.03, 0.28] | 2 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Opioid antagonists vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Opioid antagonists vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Opioid antagonists vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.45] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Opioid antagonists vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.35, 4.43] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74] | 9 studies · 1221 participants | Very low |
5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.3, 0.54] | 10 studies · 1340 participants | Moderate |
Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.33, 0.8] | 9 studies · 1221 participants | Low |
Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.27, 0.75] | 7 studies · 1069 participants | Very low |
Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.34, 0.79] | 7 studies · 1069 participants | Very low |
Ginger vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.36, 1.21] | 2 studies · 331 participants | Very low |
Ginger vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.38, 1] | 2 studies · 331 participants | Very low |
Ginger vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.22, 1.77] | 1 study · 92 participants | Very low |
Ginger vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · preventing nausea and vomiting Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.65] | 1 study · 92 participants | Very low |
5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.31, 0.69] | 10 studies · 1450 participants | Low |
Dopamine antagonists vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.27, 0.52] | 15 studies · 1180 participants | Very low |
Dopamine antagonists vs placebo Vomiting ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.28, 0.6] | 12 studies · 942 participants | Low |
Dopamine antagonists vs placebo Nausea ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.48, 0.79] | 7 studies · 601 participants | Low |
Dopamine antagonists vs placebo Vomiting ‐ postoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.44, 0.92] | 9 studies · 860 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Nausea ‐ intraoperative · women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.37, 0.83] | 6 studies · 609 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo Adequate pain relief as reported by women · women with perineal pain following childbirth Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [1.59, 2.89] | 10 studies · 1279 participants | Low |
Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo Additional pain relief · women with perineal pain following childbirth Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.21, 0.55] | 8 studies · 1132 participants | Low |
Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo Maternal drug adverse effects (nausea) · women with perineal pain following childbirth Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.66] | 1 study · 232 participants | Low |
Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo Maternal drug adverse effects (sleepiness) · women with perineal pain following childbirth Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.18, 4.3] | 1 study · 232 participants | Low |
Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo Neonatal drug adverse effects · women with perineal pain following childbirth Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Maternal sepsis · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.37 [0.1, 56.41] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Maternal endometritis · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.76, 1.6] | 7 studies · 1161 participants | Low |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Infant sepsis · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Infant oral thrush · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Maternal wound infection · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.32, 1.9] | 4 studies · 543 participants | Very low |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Maternal urinary tract infection · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.11, 3.73] | 4 studies · 496 participants | Very low |
Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes Maternal composite adverse effects · all women undergoing caesarean section Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.09, 10.5] | 2 studies · 468 participants | Very low |
Schedules involving more vs fewer home visits Maternal mortality within 42 days post‐birth · mothers and infants receiving home visits in the early postpartum period Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.02, 9.41] | 1 study · 225 participants | Very low |
Schedules involving more vs fewer home visits Neonatal mortality · mothers and infants receiving home visits in the early postpartum period Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.26, 3.69] | 2 studies · 1281 participants | Very low |
Schedules involving more vs fewer home visits Postnatal depression (last assessment up to 42 days postpartum) · mothers and infants receiving home visits in the early postpartum period Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 767 participants | Low |
Schedules involving more vs fewer home visits Maternal satisfaction with postnatal care · mothers and infants receiving home visits in the early postpartum period Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.9, 1.02] | 2 studies · 862 participants | Low |
Schedules involving more vs fewer home visits Serious neonatal morbidity up to 6 months · mothers and infants receiving home visits in the early postpartum period Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |