Intervention not reported
Ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia
The intervention may leads to lower ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Atrial fibrillation or flutter, or both (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia
The intervention may leads to lower atrial fibrillation or flutter, or both (within 30 days) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Bradycardia (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum heart rate < 60 beats per minute or requiring medication) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia
The intervention showed no clear difference in bradycardia (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Hypotension (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or requiring medication) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia
The intervention showed no clear difference in hypotension (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to lower acute myocardial infarction (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
It is very uncertain whether perioperative beta‐blockers changes ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or both (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to lower atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or both (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Bradycardia · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to higher bradycardia (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum… compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hypotension · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)
Perioperative beta‐blockers probably leads to higher hypotension (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum… compared with placebo or standard care (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Bradycardia (requiring pharmacological or pacemaker treatment during the period of study drug administration) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery
Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists probably leads to higher bradycardia (requiring pharmacological or pacemaker treatment during… compared with control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hypotension (requiring treatment with inotropes or vasopressors during the period of study drug administration) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery
Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in hypotension (requiring treatment with inotropes or vasopressors… compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Bradycardia (requiring pharmacological or pacemaker treatment during the period of study drug administration) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Hypotension (requiring treatment with inotropes or vasopressors during the period of study drug administration) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Joint pain at rest · adults having abdominal surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · adults having abdominal surgery
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality rate at 30 days · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality rate at 30 days compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach (assessed at any time) · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia probably leads to higher failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach… compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events (assessed at any time during · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in adverse events (assessed at any time during compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review