What do systematic reviews say?

Higher vs lower PUFA

It is very uncertain whether higher changes asthma ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

• Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.82, 1.53]
  2 studies · 635 participants
  Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

It is very uncertain whether higher changes dermatitis/eczema ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

• Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.09]
  2 studies · 635 participants
  Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

It is very uncertain whether higher changes allergic rhinitis ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

• Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.83, 1.25]
  2 studies · 635 participants
  Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

It is very uncertain whether higher changes food allergy ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

• Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.27 [0.06, 1.19]
  1 study · 119 participants
  Very low

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes retinopathy of prematurity, any stage compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.08, 1.98]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs placebo or control

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 547 participants
  Moderate
• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 164 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) + NNS vs NNS (with or without water)

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low
• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs glucose

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 94 participants
  Low
• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 94 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs breastfeeding

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 148 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs breastfeeding

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 47 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs facilitated tucking

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 48 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs facilitated tucking

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 48 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 151 participants
  Low
• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 111 participants
  Low
• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 154 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 144 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs placebo or control

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 192 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs NNS

• Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 199 participants
  Moderate