Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

309 questions · 325 findings · 45 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections

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No studies found 38 · 11.7%GRADE not reported 31 · 9.5%Very low 54 · 16.6%Low 78 · 24%Moderate 106 · 32.6%High 18 · 5.5%

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Time off work Timing of assessment: single influenza season · healthy adults

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 3726 participants
Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Fever · healthy adults

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine leads to higher fever assessed by subjective report Timing of assessment: single… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.55 [1.26, 1.91]
13 studies · 23850 participants
High

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Nausea or vomiting assessed by subjective report Timing of assessment: single influenza season · healthy adults

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in nausea or vomiting assessed by subjective report Timing of… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.8 [0.65, 5.04]
4 studies · 6315 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine may leads to lower influenza compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.42 [0.27, 0.66]
3 studies · 2217 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza‐like illness · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.47, 0.73]
4 studies · 6894 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Pneumonia · people aged over 65 years

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 699 participants
Very low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · people aged over 65 years

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

All deaths · people aged over 65 years

It is very uncertain whether influenza vaccine changes all deaths compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.11, 9.72]
1 study · 699 participants
Very low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Fever · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in fever compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.57 [0.92, 2.71]
3 studies · 2519 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Nausea · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.75 [0.74, 4.12]
1 study · 672 participants
Low

Live attenuated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · healthy, community‐dwelling children younger than 16 years of age

Live attenuated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.22 [0.11, 0.41]
7 studies · 7718 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.65, 0.79]
4 studies · 19044 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Otitis media · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in otitis media assessed by clinical confirmation (inspection of ear… compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.95, 1.4]
3 studies · 884 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Absence from school · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

It is very uncertain whether inactivated influenza vaccine changes absence from school compared with placebo or do nothing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.46 [0.17, 1.22]
1 study · 254 participants
Very low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Number of parents having to take off work during · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Fever ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Nausea ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Live attenuated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children younger than 16 years of age

Live attenuated influenza vaccine may leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.6, 0.8]
7 studies · 124606 participants
Low

Live attenuated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Otitis media · healthy, community‐dwelling children younger than 16 years of age

Live attenuated influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in otitis media assessed by clinical confirmation (inspection of ear… compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.95, 1.01]
1 study · 1784 participants
Moderate