Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,016 questions · 2,067 findings · 222 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 471 · 22.8%GRADE not reported 108 · 5.2%Very low 570 · 27.6%Low 458 · 22.2%Moderate 363 · 17.6%High 97 · 4.7%

Antibiotics vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with active UC

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.06 [0.27, 15.72]
8 studies · 691 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · people with active UC

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs control

Sore throat · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics probably leads to lower sore throat: day 3 compared with control (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.6, 0.8]
16 studies · 3730 participants
Moderate
Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.34, 0.75]
14 studies · 3083 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs control

Fever · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in fever: day 3 compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.53, 1.07]
8 studies · 1443 participants
High

Antibiotics vs control

Headache · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics leads to lower headache: day 3 compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.49 [0.34, 0.7]
4 studies · 1020 participants
High

Antibiotics vs control

Rheumatic fever · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics probably leads to lower rheumatic fever (within 2 months, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.32 [0.18, 0.58]
17 studies · 12132 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs control

Glomerulonephritis · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in glomerulonephritis (within 1 month, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.07 [0, 1.32]
10 studies · 5147 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs control

Quinsy · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics leads to lower quinsy (within 2 months, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.16 [0.07, 0.35]
7 studies · 2367 participants
High

Antibiotics vs control

Otitis media · patients with sore throat

Antibiotics leads to lower otitis media (within 14 days, clinical diagnosis) compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.21 [0.11, 0.4]
10 studies · 3646 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at maximum compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]
20 studies · 25774 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Quality of life at 24±6 months · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Cardiovascular mortality · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics leads to higher cardiovascular mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.5 [1.17, 1.91]
5 studies · 9044 participants
High
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.98, 1.25]
2 studies · 4674 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Myocardial infarction · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11]
5 studies · 9457 participants
Moderate
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.88, 1.03]
17 studies · 25523 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Stroke · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in stroke at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.9, 1.52]
5 studies · 9457 participants
High
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [1, 1.29]
9 studies · 14774 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Sudden cardiac death · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics probably leads to higher sudden cardiac death at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.77 [1.28, 2.44]
2 studies · 4520 participants
Moderate
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.9, 1.31]
2 studies · 4520 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Serious adverse events maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Quality of life at maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality at 24±6 months · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics leads to higher all‐cause mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.25 [1.06, 1.48]
6 studies · 9517 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Serious adverse event at 24±6 months · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs no treatment

Development of pyelonephritis · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Antibiotics may leads to lower development of pyelonephritis compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.24 [0.13, 0.41]
12 studies · 2017 participants
Low