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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries
current versionsNo studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
ART using high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (H-GIC), hand instruments vs Conventional treatment using H-GIC (rotary instruments) Restoration failure (permanent dentition) · People with dental caries in primary teeth (mainly children) Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | No studies reported on restoration failure in permanent dentition for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
ART using composite resin vs Conventional treatment using composite resin Costs (direct and indirect) · Children with dental caries in primary teeth (mean age 7 years) Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | No studies reported on costs for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Metal-free FDPs (zirconia ceramic) vs Metal-ceramic FDPs Aesthetic evaluation (patient aesthetic satisfaction changes) · Adults (18 years or older) needing a three-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) · 36 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | OR 15.40 [0.78, 304.61] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Glass ionomer-based sealant vs Resin-based sealant Dentine caries in permanent molars · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years) · 12-72 months Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth (2017) · Cochrane | Inconsistent effect (differences in products, comparisons, outcomes, outcome reporting times, background fluoride and age groups); 21 trials (3883 participants randomised); very low quality | 21 studies · 3883 participants | Very low |
ART using high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (H-GIC), hand instruments vs Conventional treatment using H-GIC (rotary instruments) Restoration failure (primary dentition) · People with dental caries in primary teeth (mainly children) · 12 to 24 months Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.60 [1.13, 2.27] | 5 studies · 643 participants | Low |
Metal-free cantilevered FDPs (feldspathic-veneered zirconia) vs Metal-ceramic cantilevered FDPs Cantilevered bridge complications · Adults (18 years or older) needing replacement of one premolar or incisor with a cantilevered fixed dental prosthesis · 36 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | OR 2.00 [0.15, 26.73] | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Metal-free implant abutments (zirconia) vs Metal implant abutments (titanium) Complications · Adults (18 years or older) with one missing tooth in the aesthetic zone needing an implant-supported single crown on… · 12 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | At 12 months no complications were reported in either group. | 2 studies · 47 participants | Very low |
Fluoride supplementation (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) vs Placebo or no treatment Decayed or filled primary tooth surfaces at 3 years · Pregnant women (for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children) · 3 years Fluoride supplementation (with tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) in pregnant women for preventing… (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.12 [-0.05, 0.29] | 1 study · 938 participants | Very low |
Dementia (any type or severity) vs Older people without dementia Number of teeth present (mean) · Older people (aged 60 years or older) with dementia Oral health and orofacial pain in older people with dementia: a systematic review with focus on dental hard… (2017) | no estimate extracted | 16 studies | Ungraded |
ART using resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC) vs Conventional treatment using RM-GIC Adverse events · Older adults with root caries in permanent (mature) teeth (mean age 75 years) Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | Adverse events: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
Metal-free tooth-supported FDPs (pressed veneering ceramic) vs Metal-free tooth-supported FDPs (layered veneering ceramic) Bridge complications · Adults (18 years or older) needing a three-unit tooth-supported fixed dental prosthesis · 36 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | OR 2.80 [0.66, 11.92] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
ART using glass ionomer cement (GIC) vs Conventional treatment using amalgam Participant experience (co-operation during procedure) · Children and adolescents with dental caries (primary teeth and permanent immature teeth) Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | Ling 2003 assessed participant co-operation during procedures, showing a co-operation rate in the ART group significantly higher than in the control group (no summary statistic reported). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Metal-free implant-supported single crowns (zirconia veneered with feldspathic ceramic) vs Metal-ceramic implant-supported single crowns Implant crown complications · Adults (18 years or older) with one missing tooth in the aesthetic zone needing an implant-supported single crown · 24 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | OR 6.33 [0.26, 152.86] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Fluoride supplementation (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) vs Placebo or no treatment Decayed or filled primary tooth surfaces at 5 years · Pregnant women (for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children) · 5 years Fluoride supplementation (with tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) in pregnant women for preventing… (2017) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.42, 0.32] | 1 study · 798 participants | Very low |
Metal-free single crowns (full-contour zirconia) vs Cast gold (conventional metal) single crowns Periodontal/peri-implant status and occlusal wear (secondary outcomes) · Adults (18 years or older) needing a single crown in the molar or premolar region Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | No data were presented for any of the pre-specified secondary outcomes. | 0 studies | No studies |
Ormocer-based sealant vs Low-viscosity glass ionomer sealant Dentine caries in permanent molars · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years) · 24 months Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth (2017) · Cochrane | Guler 2013 (N=50) compared ormocer-based sealant versus low-viscosity glass ionomer; not separately meta-analysed | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride supplementation (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) vs Placebo or no treatment Decayed primary surfaces at 5 years · Pregnant women (for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children) · 5 years Fluoride supplementation (with tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) in pregnant women for preventing… (2017) · Cochrane | MD -0.06 [-0.17, 0.05] | 1 study · 798 participants | Ungraded |
Metal-free implant abutments (zirconia) vs Metal implant abutments (titanium) Aesthetic evaluation (Implant Crown Aesthetic Index, ICAI) · Adults (18 years or older) with one missing tooth in the aesthetic zone needing an implant-supported single crown on… · 12 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | Primary outcome aesthetic evaluation data were reported as the frequency of distribution of the Implant Crown Aesthetic Index (ICAI); no comparative summary estimate was presented. | 2 studies · 47 participants | Very low |
Metal-free cantilevered FDPs (feldspathic-veneered zirconia) vs Metal-ceramic cantilevered FDPs Aesthetic evaluation (patient VAS) · Adults (18 years or older) needing replacement of one premolar or incisor with a cantilevered fixed dental prosthesis · 24 months Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations (2017) · Cochrane | MD -0.34 [-0.85, 0.17] | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
ART using H-GIC vs Conventional treatment using amalgam Pain (primary dentition) · Children with dental caries in primary teeth · Single and multiple lesions Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.44 [0.45, 4.60] | 1 study | Ungraded |
ART using resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC) vs Conventional treatment using RM-GIC Restoration failure (permanent, mature dentition; root surfaces) · Older adults with root caries in permanent (mature) teeth (mean age 75 years) · 6 months, Root caries Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries (2017) · Cochrane | OR 2.71 [0.94, 7.81] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Adhesively bonded amalgam restorations in conventional preparations utilising deliberate retention (all bonding agents) vs Traditional non‐bonded amalgam restorations Marginal deterioration of the restoration and fracture of the remaining tooth tissue · Adults and adolescents with permanent posterior molar and premolar teeth suitable for Class I and II, but excluding… · Mean 24 months Adhesively bonded versus non‐bonded amalgam restorations for dental caries (2016) · Cochrane | Marginal deterioration of the restoration and fracture of the remaining tooth tissue - Follow‐up: mean 24 months | Study population | Relative effect (95% CI): Not estimable | Number of participants (studies): 31 (1… | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
Job-related or family-related stress and pessimistic attitude to life vs Lower stress and no pessimistic attitude Periodontal disease and serum IL-1β IL-6 and cortisol · Patients with aggressive or chronic periodontitis at a university periodontology department Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Adhesively bonded amalgam restorations in conventional preparations utilising deliberate retention (all bonding agents) vs Traditional non‐bonded amalgam restorations Survival of the restoration · Adults and adolescents with permanent posterior molar and premolar teeth suitable for Class I and II, but excluding… · Mean 24 months Adhesively bonded versus non‐bonded amalgam restorations for dental caries (2016) · Cochrane | Survival of the restoration - Follow‐up: mean 24 months | Illustrative comparative risks: Assumed risk (Control) See comment; Corresponding risk (Adhesive bonding) See comment | Relative effect (95% CI): Not estimable… | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
Selective or stepwise carious tissue removal vs Non-selective or complete carious tissue removal Proportion of dentists selecting selective or stepwise removal · Dentists surveyed about deep carious lesions in permanent teeth · Oen 2007 Understanding dentists' management of deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a systematic review and… (2016) | Proportion (%) 18 [11, 27] | 1 study · 85 participants | Ungraded |
Selective or stepwise carious tissue removal vs Non-selective or complete carious tissue removal Proportion of dentists selecting selective or stepwise removal · Dentists surveyed about deep carious lesions in permanent teeth · Weber 2013 Understanding dentists' management of deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a systematic review and… (2016) | Proportion (%) 21 [12, 34] | 1 study · 53 participants | Ungraded |
Perceived psychosocial stress vs No or lower perceived stress GCF elastase activity and non-surgical periodontal treatment outcome (salivary cortisol, ICTP measured; no effect reported) · Adults with periodontitis needing non-surgical periodontal treatment · 6-month follow-up Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Perceived stress vs Lower perceived stress Gingival inflammation and GCF IL-1β IL-6 and IL-8 · Adults with gingivitis or periodontitis from a private periodontics practice Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Job-stress-related depression vs Women without depression Periodontitis and GCF IL-6 · Women on long-term sick leave for depression Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Ungraded |
Selective or stepwise carious tissue removal vs Non-selective or complete carious tissue removal Proportion of dentists selecting selective or stepwise removal · Dentists surveyed about deep carious lesions in permanent teeth · Chisini 2015 Understanding dentists' management of deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a systematic review and… (2016) | Proportion (%) 62 [55, 69] | 1 study · 171 participants | Ungraded |
Professionally applied 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish vs Untreated lesions (single-arm before vs after proportion) Remineralisation of early enamel caries (proportion of lesions remineralised) · Children with early enamel caries or white spot lesions Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | Proportion 0.636 [0.360, 0.912] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Nano-silver fluoride vs Not specified Arrest of dentine caries · Children with active dentine caries Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | A randomised trial using nano-silver fluoride found it was effective to arrest dentine caries without causing dark staining. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Adhesively bonded amalgam restorations in conventional preparations utilising deliberate retention (all bonding agents) vs Traditional non‐bonded amalgam restorations Economic data: direct costs of materials and any reported associated indirect costs · Adults and adolescents with permanent posterior molar and premolar teeth suitable for Class I and II, but excluding… Adhesively bonded versus non‐bonded amalgam restorations for dental caries (2016) · Cochrane | Economic data: direct costs of materials and any reported associated indirect costs - not measured | See comment | See comment | Not estimable | - | See comment | No study addressed this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Laser (Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, or Nd:YAG) vs Conventional mechanical caries removal (standard drill; handpiece with a bur) Marginal integrity of restorations · Children, adolescents and adults with caries in deciduous and permanent teeth (age 3.5 to 84 years) · 2 years follow-up Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.00 [0.21, 4.74] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Remineralisation of early enamel caries · NaF varnish plus chlorhexidine or calcium fluoride vs NaF varnish alone (no significant added benefit) Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | no estimate extracted | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Professionally applied sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish vs No fluoride treatment Dimensional change (size) of early enamel caries lesions · Children with white spot lesions / early enamel caries Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | One clinical trial (Du 2012) evaluating dimensional change reported that the average size of early enamel caries in children receiving professional NaF therapy was significantly smaller than in those with no fluoride… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Laser (Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, or Nd:YAG) vs Conventional mechanical caries removal (standard drill; handpiece with a bur) Participant discomfort (vibration, smell, noise) · Children, adolescents and adults with caries in deciduous and permanent teeth (age 3.5 to 84 years) · during treatment Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth (2016) · Cochrane | Five studies reported participant discomfort (Belcheva 2014; Evans 2000; Hadley 2000; Keller 1998; Liu 2006). Keller 1998 (90 adults): discomfort significantly lower with laser (Analysis 1.6). Hadley 2000 (66 adults):… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Professionally applied 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Active dentine caries at baseline (single-arm before vs after proportion) Arrest of dentine caries (proportion of surfaces arrested) · Children with active dentine caries (primary and permanent teeth) Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | Proportion 0.659 [0.412, 0.907] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Lower socioeconomic position measured by poverty income and education vs Higher socioeconomic position Periodontitis and allostatic load · US adults in NHANES III Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Arrest of dentine caries · 38% SDF vs 5% NaF varnish (SDF superior) Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | no estimate extracted | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Laser (Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, or Nd:YAG) vs Conventional mechanical caries removal (standard drill; handpiece with a bur) Pulpal inflammation or necrosis · Children, adolescents and adults with caries in deciduous and permanent teeth (age 3.5 to 84 years) · 6 months follow-up Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.10, 9.41] | 2 studies · 156 participants | Very low |
Selective or stepwise carious tissue removal vs Non-selective or complete carious tissue removal Proportion of dentists selecting selective or stepwise removal · Dentists surveyed about deep carious lesions in permanent teeth · Seale and Glickman 2007 (pedodontists) Understanding dentists' management of deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a systematic review and… (2016) | Proportion (%) 71 [65, 77] | 1 study · 252 participants | Ungraded |
Depression and social isolation (psychosocial strain) vs No depression or lower psychosocial strain Antibody titres to periodontal pathogens · Adults with periodontitis · Baseline and 1-year follow-up Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 148 participants | Ungraded |
Laser (Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, or Nd:YAG) vs Conventional mechanical caries removal (standard drill; handpiece with a bur) Pulpal inflammation or necrosis · Children, adolescents and adults with caries in deciduous and permanent teeth (age 3.5 to 84 years) · 1 week follow-up Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.26, 8.75] | 3 studies · 317 participants | Very low |
Lower socioeconomic position measured by annual family income and poverty-income ratio vs Higher socioeconomic position Periodontitis and allostatic load · US adults in NHANES 1999-2004 · Race/ethnicity Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | no estimate extracted | 1 study | Ungraded |
High-viscosity glass-ionomer cement (HVGIC) fissure sealant placed by press-finger technique vs Resin-based fissure sealant Development of carious lesions on sealed occlusal pits and fissures · Children with fully erupted permanent first molar teeth (mean age about 6 to 8 years) · 48 months Caries-Preventive Effect of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer and Resin-Based Fissure Sealants on Permanent… (2016) | RR 0.62 [0.31, 1.21] | 2 studies · 1007 evaluated sealed teeth participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dental caries prevalence in primary teeth (cavitated lesions) · Children aged 5-6 years in Latin America and the Caribbean · Studies with data collected after 2000 (21st century), Other Latin American/Caribbean countries (non-Brazil) Does the Decline in Caries Prevalence of Latin American and Caribbean Children Continue in the New Century?… (2016) | Prevalence 0.70 [0.59, 0.79] | 8 studies · 8593 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dental caries prevalence in permanent teeth (cavitated lesions) · Children aged 11-13 years in Latin America and the Caribbean · Studies with data collected after 2000 (21st century), Other Latin American/Caribbean countries (non-Brazil) Does the Decline in Caries Prevalence of Latin American and Caribbean Children Continue in the New Century?… (2016) | Prevalence 0.64 [0.45, 0.79] | 12 studies · 7227 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6) and cortisol in periodontitis · Registered job/family stress Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A 'Cells to Society' View. (2016) | Narrative (no effect size) No correlation between registered stress and serum IL-1b/IL-6/cortisol; untreated aggressive periodontitis showed pessimistic attitude and elevated serum IL-6 | 1 study | Ungraded |
1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel vs Not specified Remineralisation of early enamel caries · Children with incipient (early) enamel caries Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a… (2016) | One double-blind randomised trial found acidulated phosphate fluoride gel was not effective to remineralise early enamel caries. | 1 study | Ungraded |