Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,000 questions in 69 reviews · Urology
current versionsNo studies 196 · 19.6%Ungraded 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Branch chain amino acids vs dextrose Complications Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Branch chain amino acids vs dextrose Length of hospital stay – not assessed Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Branch chain amino acids vs dextrose Mortality – not assessed Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral nutritional supplements vs multivitamin and mineral supplement Complications · treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.47, 1.13] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Postoperative parenteral nutrition vs oral nutrition alone Length of hospital stay Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 157 participants | Low |
Oral nutritional supplements vs multivitamin and mineral supplement Length of hospital stay · treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Oral nutritional supplements vs multivitamin and mineral supplement Mortality · treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.06, 14.78] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Postoperative parenteral nutrition vs oral nutrition alone Mortality Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.07, 17.62] | 1 study · 157 participants | Very low |
Immunonutrition vs standard nutritional supplements Complications Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.08, 1.23] | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Immunonutrition vs standard nutritional supplements Length of hospital stay Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Immunonutrition vs standard nutritional supplements Mortality Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Preoperative oral nutritional support vs normal diet Complications Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.18, 4.51] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Preoperative oral nutritional support vs normal diet Length of hospital stay – not measured Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Preoperative oral nutritional support vs normal diet Mortality Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs dissolution therapy Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.9, 1.41] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy Serious adverse events or complications of treatment Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.12, 2.58] | 3 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy Second procedures Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.47 [1.32, 9.15] | 3 studies · 131 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy Hospital stay Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 122 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.97] | 1 study · 212 participants | Moderate |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Serious adverse events or complications of treatment Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.02, 0.98] | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Secondary procedures Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [1.01, 6.2] | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Hospital stay Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 212 participants | Moderate |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.88, 1.53] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Serious adverse events or complications of treatments Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.02, 9.43] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Secondary procedures Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.02, 9.43] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs dissolution therapy Serious adverse events or complications of treatment Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.08, 19.05] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Hospital stay Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.14] | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Serious adverse events or complications of treatment — not reported Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Secondary procedures Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy vs tubeless mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Hospital stay Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
Alpha‐blockers vs placebo with/without analgesics Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [1.16, 1.54] | 6 studies · 335 participants | Low |
Alpha‐blockers vs placebo with/without analgesics Serious adverse events or complications of treatment Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Very low |
Alpha‐blockers vs placebo with/without analgesics Secondary procedures for residual fragments Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.15, 1.81] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Alpha‐blockers vs placebo with/without analgesics Hospital stay — not reported Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs dissolution therapy Secondary procedures for residual fragments Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.29, 1.5] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs dissolution therapy Hospital stay — not reported Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Slow shock wave lithotripsy vs rapid shock wave lithotripsy Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [1.16, 4.36] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Slow shock wave lithotripsy vs rapid shock wave lithotripsy Serious adverse events or complications of treatment Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Slow shock wave lithotripsy vs rapid shock wave lithotripsy Secondary procedures Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.11, 1.28] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Slow shock wave lithotripsy vs rapid shock wave lithotripsy Hospital stay — not reported Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Shock wave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy Stone‐free rate Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.43, 0.88] | 3 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Prostate cancer‐specific survival · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1 [0.72, 1.39] | 8 studies · 7946 participants | Low |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Late gastrointestinal RT toxicity ≥ Grade II RTOG/EORTC · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.68, 1.78] | 4 studies · 3843 participants | Very low |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Late genitourinary RT toxicity ≥ Grade II RTOG/EORTC · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.93, 1.18] | 4 studies · 3843 participants | Moderate |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Overall survival · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | HR 0.94 [0.83, 1.07] | 10 studies · 8243 participants | High |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Metastasis‐free survival · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.07 [0.65, 1.76] | 5 studies · 4985 participants | Low |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Biochemical relapse‐free survival · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | HR 0.88 [0.68, 1.13] | 5 studies · 2889 participants | Moderate |
Altered fraction schedules vs conventional fractionation Acute GU RT toxicity · clinically localized prostate cancer Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.95, 1.11] | 4 studies · 4174 participants | Moderate |
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Time to recurrence (here: recurrence rate at 5 years) · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.05 [0.77, 1.43] | 2 studies · 277 participants | Low |