Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
611 questions in 50 reviews · Injuries
current versionsNo studies 125 · 20.5%Ungraded 22 · 3.6%Very low 185 · 30.3%Low 171 · 28%Moderate 77 · 12.6%High 31 · 5.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs rTMS plus Tricyclic Anti‐depressant Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D); higher score means more depressed · Post‐TBI Depression Non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Very low |
Supervised exercised vs Exercise Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); higher score means more depression · Post‐TBI Depression Non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Self‐reported injuries or medically‐attended injuries · cyclists Cycling infrastructure for reducing cycling injuries in cyclists (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Collision rates for cyclists · cyclists Cycling infrastructure for reducing cycling injuries in cyclists (2015) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.68 [0.31, 1.47] | NR | Very low |
Intravenous vs intraosseous route Insertion failures · adults or children requiring fluid delivered by a parenteral route (one study testing insertion and the volume of… Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.89 [2.39, 6.33] | 2 studies · 242 participants | Low |
Intravenous vs subcutaneous route Volume of fluid infused · adults or children requiring parenteral access for infusion of fluids or medication Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4 participants | Low |
Saphenous vein cutdown vs intraosseous route Insertion failures · trainee paramedics using both methods of gaining parenteral access on cadavers Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 4 [0.51, 31.13] | 1 study · 13 participants | Low |
Saphenous vein cutdown vs intraosseous route Time to infusion/placement · trainee paramedics using both methods of gaining parenteral access on cadavers Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 13 participants | Moderate |
Saphenous vein cutdown vs intraosseous route Dislodgement of device · trainee paramedics using both methods of gaining parenteral access on cadavers Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Saphenous vein cutdown vs intraosseous route Needlestick injuries · trainee paramedics using both methods of gaining parenteral access on cadavers Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Saphenous vein cutdown vs intraosseous route Volume of fluid inserted · trainee paramedics using both methods of gaining parenteral access on cadavers Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous vs intraosseous route Time to infusion/placement · adults or children requiring fluid delivered by a parenteral route (one study testing insertion and the volume of… Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 342 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous vs intraosseous route Dislodgement of device during infusion · adults or children requiring fluid delivered by a parenteral route (one study testing insertion and the volume of… Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.18, 1.55] | 1 study · 182 participants | Low |
Intravenous vs intraosseous route Needlestick injuries · adults or children requiring fluid delivered by a parenteral route (one study testing insertion and the volume of… Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous vs intraosseous route Volume of fluid infused · adults or children requiring fluid delivered by a parenteral route (one study testing insertion and the volume of… Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 182 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous vs subcutaneous route Insertion failures · adults or children requiring parenteral access for infusion of fluids or medication Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 14.79 [2.87, 76.08] | 3 studies · 238 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous vs subcutaneous route Time to infusion/placement · adults or children requiring parenteral access for infusion of fluids or medication Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Intravenous vs subcutaneous route Dislodgement of device · adults or children requiring parenteral access for infusion of fluids or medication Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.78 [1.16, 12.34] | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
Intravenous vs subcutaneous route Needlestick injuries · adults or children requiring parenteral access for infusion of fluids or medication Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Completed suicide at the end of active intervention · Post‐secondary undergraduate students Interventions for primary prevention of suicide in university and other post‐secondary educational settings (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Suicidal ideation at the end of active intervention · Post‐secondary undergraduate students Interventions for primary prevention of suicide in university and other post‐secondary educational settings (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Attempted suicide at the end of active intervention · Post‐secondary undergraduate students Interventions for primary prevention of suicide in university and other post‐secondary educational settings (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Knowledge of suicide at the end of active intervention · Post‐secondary undergraduate students Interventions for primary prevention of suicide in university and other post‐secondary educational settings (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Knowledge of suicide prevention at the end of active intervention · Post‐secondary undergraduate students Interventions for primary prevention of suicide in university and other post‐secondary educational settings (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Suicide prevention self‐efficacy at the end of active intervention · Post‐secondary undergraduate students Interventions for primary prevention of suicide in university and other post‐secondary educational settings (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hyponatraemia (serum sodium < 135 mmol/L) · children requiring intravenous fluid to maintain hydration Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.38, 0.6] | 10 studies · 970 participants | High |
Intervention NR Hypernatraemia · children requiring intravenous fluid to maintain hydration Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.65, 2.38] | 9 studies · 937 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death · children requiring intravenous fluid to maintain hydration Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 996 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Seizures · children requiring intravenous fluid to maintain hydration Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.03, 15.02] | 10 studies · 996 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cerebral oedema · children requiring intravenous fluid to maintain hydration Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 9 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Overhydration · children requiring intravenous fluid to maintain hydration Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.46, 2.87] | 5 studies · 615 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Low Hb deferral ‐ at first donation visit after commencement of treatment · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.21, 0.55] | 4 studies · 1194 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Low Hb deferral ‐ after multiple donation visits · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.15, 0.41] | 3 studies · 793 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hb (g/L) ‐ before further donation Scale from: 123 to 152 · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 847 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hb (g/L) ‐ after subsequent donation(s) Scale from: 127.3 to 129 · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 406 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum ferritin (ng/mL) ‐ before further donation Scale from: 12.9 to 57.8 · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 640 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum ferritin (ng/mL) ‐ after subsequent donation(s) Scale from: 18 to 19 · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 619 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse effects (any) · patients with iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [1.23, 2.07] | 4 studies · 1748 participants | Moderate |
Oral iron vs inactive control Mortality · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.61] | 4 studies · 659 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs inactive control Quality of life · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1629 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs inactive control Serious adverse events · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.74, 1.34] | 7 studies · 1802 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs oral iron Mortality · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.56, 3.94] | 6 studies · 1009 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs oral iron Proportion requiring blood transfusion · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.24, 1.58] | 2 studies · 371 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs oral iron Mean blood transfused units · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs oral iron Haemoglobin g/dL · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 769 participants | Low |
Parenteral iron vs oral iron Quality of life · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 771 participants | Very low |
Parenteral iron vs oral iron Serious adverse events · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.99, 1.54] | 7 studies · 1100 participants | Very low |
Oral iron vs inactive control Proportion requiring blood transfusion · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.55, 0.99] | 3 studies · 546 participants | Very low |
Oral iron vs inactive control Length of hospital stay · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 300 participants | Very low |
Oral iron vs inactive control Haemoglobin g/dL · patients with anaemia Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 402 participants | Very low |