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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

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Review versions

1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary

current versions

No studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Radioembolisation plus sorafenib vs sorafenib monotherapy Time to progression of the tumour (median time to progression) · people with hepatocellular carcinoma Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Radioembolisation plus sorafenib vs sorafenib monotherapy Tumour response assessments · people with hepatocellular carcinoma Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Radioembolisation plus sorafenib vs sorafenib monotherapy Non‐serious adverse events (hyperbilirubinaemia: most frequent) · people with hepatocellular carcinoma Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 341 participants	Very low
Radioembolisation vs sorafenib All‐cause mortality at 1 year · people with hepatocellular carcinoma Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 360 participants	Very low
Radioembolisation vs sorafenib Health‐related quality of life · people with hepatocellular carcinoma Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 360 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention All‐cause mortality · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.44, 2.5]	1 study · 108 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Upper gastrointestinal bleeding · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.46 [0.26, 0.83]	1 study · 108 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Serious adverse events and liver‐related morbidity: incidence of congestive hypertensive gastropathy · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.48 [0.69, 8.84]	1 study · 108 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Serious adverse events and liver‐related morbidity: incidence of gastric varices · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.36, 3.43]	1 study · 108 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Serious adverse events and liver‐related morbidity: incidence of bleeding from gastric varices · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 6.51 [0.34, 123.06]	1 study · 108 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Oesophageal variceal bleeding · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.13 [0.04, 0.42]	1 study · 108 participants	Very low
Sclerotherapy vs no intervention Non‐serious adverse events · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 108 participants	Ungraded
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo All‐cause mortality · adult patients with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.57, 1.37]	1 study · 173 participants	Low
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Resolution of encephalopathy and coagulopathy ‐ not reported · children with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Non‐serious adverse events · children with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.62, 2.16]	1 study · 184 participants	Low
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Quality of life ‐ not reported · children with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Serious adverse events · adult patients with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Liver transplant · adult patients with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.49, 1.06]	1 study · 173 participants	Low
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Resolution of encephalopathy and coagulopathy · adult patients with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Non‐serious adverse events · adult patients with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.79, 1.45]	1 study · 173 participants	Low
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Quality of life · adult patients with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo All‐cause mortality · children with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.47 [0.85, 2.53]	1 study · 184 participants	Low
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Serious adverse events · children with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.25 [0.35, 4.51]	1 study · 184 participants	Low
N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo Liver Transplant · children with non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.28 [0.89, 1.84]	1 study · 184 participants	Low
Intervention NR Interventions · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus albumin (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.06 [0.57, 2.16]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus peritoneovenous shunt (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.97 [0.4, 2.43]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus systemic vasoconstrictors (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.42 [0.15, 1.22]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.92 [0.24, 20.64]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus systemic vasoconstrictors plus paracentesis plus fluid replacement (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.11 [0.02, 39.77]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus systemic vasoconstrictors plus systemic vasodilator (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.61 [0.02, 9.17]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus systemic vasodilator (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.62 [0.03, 9.1]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Systemic vasoconstrictors plus albumin (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 2.62 [0.41, 19.28]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Serious adverse events (number of people) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics (1 RCT; 41 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.3 [0.27, 6.99]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Paracentesis plus fluid replacement · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (1 RCT; 70 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Paracentesis plus systemic vasoconstrictors (4 RCTs; 145 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 1.63 [0.3, 11.66]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics (2 RCT; 84 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 3.54 [0.43, 27.41]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics (1 RCT; 31 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 4.12 [0.87, 34.02]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Paracentesis plus systemic vasoconstrictors (1 RCT; 25 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.37 [0.36, 5.82]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (6 RCTs; 427 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.87 [0.52, 1.44]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Symptomatic resolution of ascites at maximal · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics (3 RCTs; 125 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.1 [0.12, 10.74]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (6 RCTs; 392 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 9.44 [1.93, 62.68]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics (4 RCTs; 211 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.05 [0.7, 1.69]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus paracentesis plus fluid replacement (1 RCT; 36 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 30.63 [5.06, 692.98]	NR	Low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics (4 RCTs; 242 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 2.04 [1.37, 3.1]	NR	Very low