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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Proportion with seizure freedom · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.53, 2.71] | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Reduction in seizure frequency of 50% or more · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.78, 1.56] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Proportion with seizure freedom in dominantly inherited AD · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Change in cognition · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Change in neuropsychiatric symptoms · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Improvement in quality of life · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Proportion with seizure freedom · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.35, 2.02] | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Proportion with adverse events · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.3, 1.53] | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Reduction in seizure frequency of 50% or more · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.6, 1.38] | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Proportion with seizure freedom in dominantly inherited AD · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Change in cognition · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Proportion with adverse events · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.25, 1.74] | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Change in neuropsychiatric symptoms · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Lamotrigine vs phenobarbital Improvement in quality of life · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Reduction in seizure frequency of 50% or more · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.84, 1.75] | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Proportion with seizure freedom in dominantly inherited AD · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Change in cognition · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Change in neuropsychiatric symptoms · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs lamotrigine Improvement in quality of life · people with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Proportion with seizure freedom · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.47, 2.19] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Levetiracetam vs phenobarbital Proportion with adverse events · patients with AD and epileptic seizures Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.18, 1.07] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Carisbamate vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (responder rate) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.14, 1.62] | 4 studies · 2211 participants | Moderate |
Carisbamate vs placebo Seizure freedom · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.43 [0.84, 7.03] | 1 study · 540 participants | Very low |
Carisbamate vs placebo Treatment withdrawal for any reason · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.82, 2.12] | 4 studies · 2211 participants | Very low |
Carisbamate vs placebo Treatment withdrawal due to adverse events · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.78, 4.17] | 4 studies · 2211 participants | Very low |
Carisbamate vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced atleast 1 adverse event · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.93, 1.3] | 2 studies · 1084 participants | Low |
Carisbamate vs placebo Adverse events: dizziness · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [1.23, 3.44] | 4 studies · 2211 participants | Very low |
Carisbamate vs placebo Adverse events: somnolence · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Carisbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [1.28, 2.58] | 4 studies · 2211 participants | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), week 3№ of participants: 101(2 RCTs) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Average nocturnal sleep time from sleep diary, weeks 1 and 2№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Difficulty waking in the morning, average of weeks 1 and 2№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) reciprocal of reaction time, change from baseline№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), change from baseline№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Number of participants with any adverse events№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.41 [0.01, 12.64] | NR | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Number of naps/week, week 3№ of participants: 99(2 RCTs) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Clinical Global Impression ‐ Severity (CGI‐S), change from baseline№ of participants: 30(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Modafinil vs placebo Clinical Global Impression ‐ Change (CGI‐C), proportion much improved or very much improved at week 3 № of participants: 70 (1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | OR 5.14 [1.76, 15] | NR | Moderate |
Modafinil vs placebo Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), week 3№ of participants: 99(2 RCTs) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Modafinil vs placebo Effectiveness/performance, week 3№ of participants: 31(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Modafinil vs placebo Number of participants with any adverse events№ of participants: 102(2 RCTs) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.68 [0.28, 9.94] | NR | Low |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), change from baseline№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Clarithromycin vs placebo Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), change from baseline№ of participants: 10(1 RCT) · idiopathic hypersomnia Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Norethisterone vs placebo Seizure freedom · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Progesterone vs placebo Number of withdrawals from the study: for any reason · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.81, 3] | 2 studies · 168 participants | Moderate |
Progesterone vs placebo Adverse events: any adverse event · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.59, 1.24] | 1 study · 130 participants | Moderate |
Progesterone vs placebo Quality of life · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Norethisterone vs placebo Responder rate · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |