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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs alternative interventions Emotional self‐regulation and impulse control (no study reported data on this outcome) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs no treatment or treatment Adverse events (no study reported data on this outcome) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs no treatment or treatment Sexual attitudes and behaviour · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs no treatment or treatment Thinking patterns (no study reported data on this outcome) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs no treatment or treatment Victim empathy: attitudes to women Measured by: Attitude Towards Women Scale (15 items; scores range from 0 to 45; higher scores indicate more egalitarian attitudes towards women) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs no treatment or treatment Social functioning (no study reported data on this outcome) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs no treatment or treatment Emotional self‐regulation and impulse control (no study reported data on this outcome) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs alternative interventions Recidivism: behavioural reports of sexual aggression Measured by: Daily Behaviour Report cards and Behaviour Incidence Report forms completed by staff · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy vs alternative interventions Adverse events (no study reported data on this outcome) · young people (aged 10 to 18 years old) with harmful sexual behaviour Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for young people aged 10 to 18 with harmful sexual behaviour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resilience interventions vs control condition Resilience Measured by: investigators measured resilience using different instruments; higher scores mean higher resilience Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare professionals including healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 690 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control condition Mental health and well‐being: anxiety Measured by: investigators measured anxiety using different instruments; lower scores mean lower anxiety Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare professionals including healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 231 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control condition Mental health and well‐being: depression Measured by: investigators measured depression using different instruments; lower scores mean lower depression Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare professionals including healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 788 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control condition Mental health and well‐being: stress or stress perceptionMeasured by: investigators measured stress or stress perception using different instruments; lower scores mean lower stress or stress perception Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare professionals including healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 997 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control condition Mental health and well‐being: well‐being or quality of life Measured by: investigators measured well‐being or quality of life using different instruments; higher scores mean higher well‐being or quality of life Timing of outcome assessment: post‐i... · healthcare professionals including healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1494 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control condition Adverse events · healthcare professionals including healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 784 participants | Very low |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Percentage of children's total energy intake from saturated fat Measured by food record Assessed at end of intervention (9 months) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 207 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's fruit and vegetable intake (not measured) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's SSB intake (not measured) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's total physical activity (min/h) Measured by accelerometry Assessed at end of intervention (6 months) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's MVPA (% time spent/d and min/h) Measured by accelerometry Assessed at end of intervention (12 weeks and 6 months) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Moderate |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Adverse effects (not measured) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's percentage of total energy intake from saturated fat Measured by food frequency questionnaire and 24‐hour recall · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 216 participants | Very low |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's sodium intake (mg/d) Measured by 24‐hour recall · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 315 participants | Very low |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d) Measured by food frequency questionnaire · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 134 participants | Very low |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's SSB intake (SSB drinks/d, soft drink glasses/d and regular soda servings/d) Measured by questionnaires · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 651 participants | Moderate |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's total physical activity (min/d) Measured by questionnaires · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 573 participants | Low |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's sodium intake (g/d) measured by food record Assessed at end of intervention (9 months) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 207 participants | Low |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's MVPA (min/d) Measured by questionnaire · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 622 participants | Very low |
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Adverse effects (not reported by intervention arm) · children aged 4 to 14 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's fruit and vegetable intake (not measured) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's SSB intake (not measured) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's total physical activity (not measured) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's MVPA (not measured) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Adverse effects (not measured) · children aged 7 to 18 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Percentage of children's total energy intake from saturated fat (not measured) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component vs interventions without a caregiver component Children's sodium intake (not measured) · children aged 3 to 11 years Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Absenteeism for any reason (within the study period) Calculated as: an incident rate per child‐days possible Length of time observed: range = 5 to 6 months · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | rate ratio 0.91 [0.82, 1.01] | 2 studies · 2 participants | Very low |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Absenteeism due to any illness (within the study period) Calculated as: an incident rate per child‐days possible Length of time observed: range = 1 to 11 months · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | rate ratio 0.82 [0.69, 0.97] | 6 studies · 6 participants | Very low |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Adverse skin reactions (within the study period) Calculated as: number of events Length of time observed: range = 5 to 8 months · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.8, 1.32] | 3 studies · 4365 participants | Very low |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Absenteeism due to acute respiratory illness (within the study period) Calculated as: an incident rate per child‐days possible Length of time observed: range = 1 to 8 months · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | rate ratio 0.79 [0.68, 0.92] | 6 studies · 6 participants | Very low |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Absenteeism due to acute gastrointestinal illness (within the study period) Calculated as: an incident rate per child‐days possible Length of time observed: range = 1 to 8 months · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | rate ratio 0.79 [0.73, 0.85] | 4 studies · 4 participants | Low |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Compliance with the intervention or program · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 10749 participants | Very low |
Rinse‐free hand wash vs control Perception of the hand hygiene strategy or satisfaction with the hand hygiene strategy · children aged from birth to 14 years old Rinse‐free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1229 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Linear growth (length/height) Unit: cmTime frame: 6.3 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Stuntingc · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3.9 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [1, 1.35] | 6 studies · 554 participants | Low |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialists Time frame: 8.6 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.89, 2.18] | 5 studies · 986 participants | Low |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Adverse effect: hyperphosphataemiac · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Adverse effect: kidney stonesc · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Linear growth (length/height) Unit: cm Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Low |