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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders

current versions

No studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Lamotrigine vs lithium Total severity score from depression and mania symptom scores, such as HDRS and the YMRS · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Lamotrigine vs placebo Recurrence of any episodes at one year (Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score ≥15 for depressive episode; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) total score ≥14 for depressive episode) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.7, 1.02]	7 studies · 1606 participants	Low
Lamotrigine vs placebo Recurrence of any episodes at one year for clinical worsening with additional psychotropics (mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics or benzodiazepines) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.82 [0.7, 0.98]	4 studies · 756 participants	Moderate
Lamotrigine vs placebo Recurrence of any episodes at one year (active suicidal behavior) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 1 participants	Ungraded
Lamotrigine vs placebo Withdrawal from treatment due to any reason, up to 12 weeks after intervention commencement (short term) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.7, 1.74]	1 study · 195 participants	Very low
Lamotrigine vs placebo Withdrawal from treatment due to any reason, 6‐12 months after intervention initiation (long term) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.78, 0.99]	4 studies · 700 participants	Moderate
Lamotrigine vs placebo Any reported adverse effects up to 12 weeks after starting treatment (short term) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.81, 1.42]	5 studies · 1138 participants	Very low
Lamotrigine vs placebo Any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the intervention (long term) · bipolar disorder Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.97 [0.77, 1.23]	4 studies · 756 participants	Moderate
Comparison 1: Individual CBT‐based psychotherapy vs TAU or other comparator Repetition of SH by post‐intervention · self‐harm in children and adolescents (up to 18 years or age) Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.93 [0.12, 7.24]	2 studies · 51 participants	Low
Comparison 2: DBT‐A vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in children and adolescents (up to 18 years or age) Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.46 [0.26, 0.82]	4 studies · 270 participants	High
Comparison 3: MBT‐A vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in children and adolescents (up to 18 years or age) Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.7 [0.06, 8.46]	2 studies · 85 participants	Very low
Comparison 7: Family therapy vs placebo Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in children and adolescents (up to 18 years or age) Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1 [0.49, 2.07]	2 studies · 191 participants	Moderate
Comparison 1.1: Individual‐based CBT‐based psychotherapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.35 [0.12, 1.02]	4 studies · 238 participants	Low
Comparison 4: Emotion‐regulation psychotherapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.34 [0.13, 0.88]	2 studies · 83 participants	Moderate
Comparison 5: Psychodynamic psychotherapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.45 [0.13, 1.56]	1 study · 170 participants	Moderate
Comparison 6: Case management vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.78 [0.47, 1.3]	5 studies · 1608 participants	Low
Comparison 7: Structured GP follow‐up vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention (hospital records) · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.01 [0.38, 2.68]	1 study · 143 participants	Low
Comparison 7: Structured GP follow‐up vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention (emergency records) · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 2.56 [0.8, 8.15]	1 study · 123 participants	Low
Comparison 9.1: Emergency cards vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.82 [0.31, 2.14]	2 studies · 1039 participants	Low
Comparison 9.2: Coping cards vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.08 [0, 1.45]	1 study · 64 participants	Moderate
Comparison 9.4: Postcards vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.87 [0.62, 1.23]	4 studies · 3277 participants	Very low
Comparison 9.5: Telephone contact vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.43 [0.04, 5.02]	1 study · 55 participants	Low
Comparison 9.6: Telephone contact, emergency cards, and letters vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.05 [0.55, 2]	1 study · 303 participants	Moderate
Comparison 1.2: Group‐based CBT‐based psychotherapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.66 [0.36, 1.21]	1 study · 313 participants	Moderate
Comparison 9.7: Telephone‐based psychotherapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.36 [0.01, 8.94]	2 studies · 185 participants	Low
Comparison 10: Provision of information and support vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.09 [0.79, 1.5]	2 studies · 1853 participants	Very low
Comparison 11: Other multimodal interventions vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.61 [0.37, 1.3]	3 studies · 1937 participants	Very low
Comparison 12.5: General hospital management vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.03 [0.14, 7.69]	1 study · 77 participants	Moderate
Comparison 12.8: Long‐term therapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1 [0.35, 2.86]	1 study · 80 participants	Low
Comparison 2.1: DBT vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH by post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.71 [0.32, 1.55]	6 studies · 502 participants	Very low
Comparison 2.2: DBT group‐based skills training vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of attempted suicide at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.66 [0.23, 1.86]	1 study · 66 participants	Moderate
Comparison 2.2: DBT group‐based skills training vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of NSSI at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.88 [0.33, 2.34]	1 study · 66 participants	Moderate
Comparison 2.3: DBT individual therapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of attempted suicide at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.46 [0.54, 3.91]	1 study · 66 participants	Moderate
Comparison 2.3: DBT individual therapy vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of NSSI at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.29 [0.48, 3.47]	1 study · 66 participants	Moderate
Comparison 2.4: DBT prolonged exposure protocol vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.67 [0.08, 5.68]	1 study · 18 participants	Moderate
Comparison 3: MBT vs TAU or another comparator Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.35 [0.17, 0.73]	1 study · 134 participants	High
Newer generation antidepressants (NGAs) vs placebo Repetition of SH by post‐intervention (NGA class)№ of participants: 129(2 RCTs) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.59 [0.29, 1.19]	NR	Very low
Newer generation antidepressants (NGAs) vs placebo Repetition of SH by post‐intervention (NGA class) ‐ Mianserin vs. Placebo№ of participants: 38(1 RCT) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.67 [0.18, 2.41]	NR	Very low
Newer generation antidepressants (NGAs) vs placebo Repetition of SH by post‐intervention (NGA class) ‐ Paroxetine vs. Placebo№ of participants: 91(1 RCT) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.55 [0.24, 1.29]	NR	Low
Antipsychotics vs placebo Repetition of SH by post‐intervention№ of participants: 30(1 RCT) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.09 [0.02, 0.5]	NR	Low
Antipsychotics vs another comparator drug or dose Repetition of SH by post‐intervention№ of participants: 53(1 RCT) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.51 [0.5, 4.58]	NR	Low
Mood stabilisers, including antiepileptics and lithium vs placebo Repetition of SH by post‐intervention№ of participants: 167(1 RCT) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.99 [0.33, 2.95]	NR	Very low
Natural products vs placebo Repetition of SH by post‐intervention№ of participants: 49(1 RCT) · Self‐harm in adults Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.33 [0.38, 4.62]	NR	Low
Intervention NR fluoxetine:desvenlafaxine · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Moderate
Intervention NR citalopram:paroxetine · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR mirtazapine:vortioxetine · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR paroxetine:sertraline · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR paroxetine:venlafaxine · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR vilazodone:paroxetine · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR vortioxetine:paroxetine · children and/or adolescents with depression New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low