Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

329 questions · 345 findings · 49 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 23 · 6.7%GRADE not reported 17 · 4.9%Very low 117 · 33.9%Low 87 · 25.2%Moderate 91 · 26.4%High 10 · 2.9%

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · patients with schizophrenia

BENZODIAZEPINES showed no clear difference in desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

No clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at 12 hours) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes no clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

No clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes no clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term (3 weeks… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes · patients with schizophrenia

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS may leads to higher desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · patients with schizophrenia

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS showed no clear difference in desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

No clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at 12 hours) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether BENZODIAZEPINES changes no clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

No clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether BENZODIAZEPINES changes no clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs usual care

Global state: not improved ‐ short‐term GAF · schizophrenia

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention showed no clear difference in global state: not improved ‐ short‐term GAF compared with standard care intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs usual care

Clinical response: no clinically significant response in mental state · schizophrenia

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation showed no clear difference in mental state: not improved ‐ short‐term BPRS compared with standard care intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs usual care

Global state: not improved ‐ short‐term GAF · schizophrenia

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation showed no clear difference in global state: not improved ‐ short‐term GAF compared with standard care intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs usual care

Clinical response: no clinically significant response in mental state · schizophrenia

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention showed no clear difference in mental state: not improved ‐ short‐term BPRS compared with standard care intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Leaving the study early ‐ Adverse event: Short‐term · schizophrenia

The intervention showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ Adverse event: Short‐term; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Cognitive function: 3. Short‐term ‐ Average end point score on various subscales of WAIS III (high = favourable) ‐ Digit symbol score · schizophrenia
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Cognitive function: 4. Short‐term ‐ Average end point score on various subscales of HVLT (high = favourable) ‐ Recognition · schizophrenia
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse event: 11a. Short‐term ‐ Average end point score on EPSEs scale (low = favourable) ‐ AIMS · schizophrenia
1 finding from 1 review

Levomepromazine vs Typical antipsychotics

Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia

Levomepromazine showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ short term ‐ any reason compared with typical antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levomepromazine vs atypical antipsychotics

Leaving the study early ‐ short term ‐ due to lack of efficacy · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether levomepromazine changes leaving the study early ‐ short term ‐ due to lack of efficacy compared with atypical antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levomepromazine vs atypical antipsychotics

Leaving the study early ‐ short term ‐ due to patient deterioration · patients with schizophrenia

Levomepromazine showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ short term ‐ due to patient deterioration compared with atypical antipsychotics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review