What do systematic reviews say?

Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM)

• Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 44 participants
  Low

Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM)

• Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 89 participants
  Moderate

Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM)

• Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 156 participants
  Moderate

Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM)

• Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 258 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

Summary of findings: exercise showed no clear difference in depression Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG) (median compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 46 participants
  Moderate

Relaxation vs control

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: relaxation changes depression Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and The… compared with control (very low certainty).

• Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  SMD 0.04
  2 studies · 108 participants
  Very low

Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet

• Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Belatacept for kidney transplant recipients 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1209 participants
  Moderate

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo/no treatment

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 392 participants
  Very low

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 590 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs placebo

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 505 participants
  Low

Metformin vs active control

Metformin showed no clear difference in serious adverse events ( compared with active control (moderate certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.79, 1.71]
  2 studies · 5545 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs active control

Metformin showed no clear difference in withdrew due to intolerance ( compared with active control (moderate certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.79, 1.08]
  3 studies · 5593 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs active control

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 3 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs active control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin vs active control

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 3836 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes all‐cause death ( compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.76, 1.32]
  3 studies · 865 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin showed no clear difference in serious adverse events ( compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [0.76, 1.72]
  3 studies · 576 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin probably leads to higher withdrew due to intolerance ( compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.19 [1.46, 3.27]
  4 studies · 646 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs placebo

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 576 participants
  Moderate