Oral candidiasis prevalence · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users may have a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonization than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (e.g., C. albicans) and increased fungal species compared with non-smokers (Ralho, Camoni [32,28]); no pooled estimate reported.
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Oral microbiota composition (dysbiosis; increased periodontal/opportunistic pathogens) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with oral microbiota dysbiosis and increased pathogenic bacteria compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users tend to have a higher plaque index (more biofilm accumulation) than non-smokers (narrative synthesis of systematic reviews; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users exhibited a higher plaque index than non-smokers across included reviews (Shabil, Vamos, Youssef, Thiem, Figueredo, Yang [24,25,27,29,30,31]); the umbrella review reported no…
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Oral microbiota composition · Individuals assessed for oral microbiota (mainly children and adolescents)
Oral microbiota composition differs between persons with orofacial cleft and healthy controls, synthesized qualitatively across 8 studies but not meta-analyzed (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · Adults in case-control studies of oral cancer; people assessed for periodontitis
Periodontitis is associated with roughly a threefold higher odds of oral cancer (pooled OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.13-4.07; low certainty of evidence), though heterogeneity is moderate (I2=52.4%).
1 finding from 1 review
Severity of oral/mucosal burning pain/sensation · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)
1 finding from 1 review
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · Adults in case-control studies (oral cancer patients vs healthy controls)
The number of missing teeth (per tooth) was not significantly associated with oral cancer (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-1.01); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · Adults in case-control studies (oral cancer patients vs healthy controls)
Pooling across all missing-teeth measures, the overall association with oral cancer was not statistically significant (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.97-1.48; high heterogeneity, I2=82.8%); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Severity of oral/mucosal burning pain/sensation · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)
1 finding from 1 review
Rajendran 2006 concluded the intervention reduced pain, but pain intensity evaluations were inadequately defined and from interview data, making mean scores difficult to interpret.
1 study · 29 participants
GRADE not reported
Detection rate of oral pre-malignant and malignant lesions after referral (COE+vital rinsing vs COE alone) · Oral cavity cancer or potentially malignant disorder symptom-free individuals with tobacco habits
COE with vital rinsing (toluidine blue/tolonium chloride) showed no clear difference in detection rate of oral pre-malignant and malignant lesions after… compared with conventional oral examination (COE) alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
It is very uncertain whether vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic… changes oral cancer development compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
It is very uncertain whether topical bleomycin changes oral cancer development compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
It is very uncertain whether topical bleomycin changes clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
SoF 4, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 3 to 6 months: '3 studies (freeze-dried black raspberry gel, green tea extract capsules, mixed tea) did not find evidence of benefit.' No GRADE. Effects text:…
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
It is very uncertain whether systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) changes oral cancer development compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
Bowman-Birk inhibitor showed no clear difference in clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
SoF 2, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 5 to 12 months: 'The 3 studies could not be combined in meta-analysis. 2 found benefit for systemic beta carotene, and 1 did not.' No GRADE rating. Effects text…
3 studies
GRADE not reported