Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

27 questions · 27 findings · 15 reviews · Airways

No studies found 1 · 3.7%GRADE not reported 1 · 3.7%Very low 1 · 3.7%Low 11 · 40.7%Moderate 10 · 37%High 3 · 11.1%

LAMA add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on

Serious adverse events 22 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 22 weeks compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Serious adverse events Adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Adverse events compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with tiotropium (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS

Serious adverse events 17 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS

Stopping LABA showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 17 weeks compared with continuing use of LABA+ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review