What do systematic reviews say?

Speech and language therapy vs healthy lifestyle advice

• Speech and language therapy for management of chronic cough 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 75 participants
  Low

Single inhaler therapy vs fixed dose ICS

Single inhaler therapy showed no clear difference in fatal serious adverse events compared with fixed dose ICS (moderate certainty).

• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.37 [0.05, 2.62]
  3 studies · 4209 participants
  Moderate

Single inhaler therapy vs fixed dose ICS

Single inhaler therapy showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with fixed dose ICS (moderate certainty).

• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.73, 1.29]
  3 studies · 4209 participants
  Moderate

Oral + inhaled dual therapy vs oral monotherapy

It is very uncertain whether oral + inhaled dual therapy changes serious adverse events. Outcome assessed on day 42 compared with oral monotherapy (very low certainty).

• Dual antibiotics for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.48 [0.08, 2.87]
  1 study · 53 participants
  Very low

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy vs current best practice

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy showed no clear difference in fatal serious adverse events compared with current best practice (low certainty).

• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.95 [0.53, 7.21]
  8 studies · 8841 participants
  Low

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy vs current best practice

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with current best practice (low certainty).

• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.2 [0.9, 1.6]
  8 studies · 8841 participants
  Low

Sublingual immunotherapy vs control

Sublingual immunotherapy showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Weighted mean duration of studies: 56 weeks compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  29 studies · 4810 participants
  Moderate

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs no CPAP

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 27 participants
  Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs sham CPAP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Alteplase vs urokinase

Alteplase may leads to higher serious adverse events compared with urokinase (low certainty).

• Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 5.61 [1.16, 27.11]
  1 study · 99 participants
  Low

Fibrinolytics vs placebo

Fibrinolytics showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.28 [0.36, 4.57]
  9 studies · 935 participants
  Low

Streptokinase vs urokinase

Streptokinase showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with urokinase (low certainty).

• Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 5.43 [0.25, 118.96]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Intermittent LTRA vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intermittent ICS vs placebo

Intermittent ICS showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1 [0.14, 7.25]
  2 studies · 385 participants
  Moderate

Intermittent ICS vs placebo

Intermittent ICS showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.42 [0.17, 1.02]
  3 studies · 439 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in serious adverse events WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.74, 1.05]
  9 studies · 2978 participants
  Moderate

SiT for maintenance/relief vs higher‐dose ICS/LABA + SABA

SiT for maintenance/relief showed no clear difference in patients with serious adverse events compared with higher‐dose ICS/LABA + SABA (moderate certainty).

• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.92 [0.74, 1.13]
  9130 participants
  Moderate

Macrolide+tetracycline vs macrolides

It is very uncertain whether macrolide+tetracycline changes all‐cause serious adverse events 60 weeks (end of study) compared with macrolide (very low certainty).

• Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1 [0.52, 1.93]
  1 study · 198 participants
  Very low