What do systematic reviews say?

Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 52 participants
  Very low

Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Scalp infiltration vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Scalp block vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs control or placebo medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes sedation score compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 148 participants
  Very low

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Very low

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with double‐injection technique (high certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.03]
  7 studies · 716 participants
  High

Double vs single‐injection technique

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31]
  2 studies · 129 participants
  Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.41, 1.19]
  5 studies · 482 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Sedative techniques for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 360 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low