Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… leads to lower pneumonia compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS may leads to higher pneumonia compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes pneumonia compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia (low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in all pneumonia events (moderate certainty).
The intervention probably leads to higher all pneumonia events (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes mortality, due to pneumonia (very low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality, due to pneumonia (moderate certainty).
Triple therapy probably leads to higher pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
The intervention leads to higher non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital… (high certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital… (moderate certainty).