What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine patch (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.96 [0.71, 1.29]
  27 studies · 12602 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher nicotine patch (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.37 [1.2, 1.56]
  105 studies · 37319 participants
  High

Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone

It is very uncertain whether reduction and pharmacotherapy changes subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (very low certainty).

• Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.34 [0.02, 5.31]
  1 study · 85 participants
  Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

• Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 211 participants
  Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes nicotine patch + bupropion vs nicotine patch + placebo Smoking… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.41, 2.69]
  1 study · 211 participants
  Very low