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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

10 questions · 10 findings · 6 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 1 · 10%Very low 1 · 10%Low 3 · 30%Moderate 3 · 30%High 2 · 20%

rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron

Mortality (within 30 days after surgery) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia

rHuEPO with iron showed no clear difference in mortality (within 30 days after surgery) compared with control treatment with or without iron (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

All‐cause mortality (within 30‐days after surgery: any reported death) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (within 30‐days after surgery: any reported death) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review