What do systematic reviews say?

Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty

Case management for integrated care showed no clear difference in mortality compared with usual care of older people living with frailty (low certainty).

• Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.15]
  14 studies · 9924 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services plus CCM

• Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services

• Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 participants
  GRADE not reported

Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration vs capitation without P4P

• Pay for performance for hospitals 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Non‐payment for Hospital‐Acquired Conditions Program vs capitation without P4P

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pay for performance for hospitals 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program vs capitation without P4P

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pay for performance for hospitals 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Advancing Quality Program vs capitation without P4P

• Pay for performance for hospitals 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Financial Incentive to Quality Improvement vs capitation without P4P

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pay for performance for hospitals 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Value‐Based Purchasing vs capitation without P4P

• Pay for performance for hospitals 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 36529 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (moderate certainty).

• Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older people admitted to a surgical service 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.68, 1.05]
  1316 participants
  Moderate

Pharmacists' non‐dispensing roles targeting non‐hospitalised patients vs the delivery of no comparable service

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacist services for non‐hospitalised patients 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Early discharge hospital at home 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 856 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (moderate certainty).

• Early discharge hospital at home 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.76, 1.49]
  8 studies · 1247 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15827 participants
  Moderate

Professional interventions vs usual care

Professional interventions showed no clear difference in mortality compared with standard/usual care (moderate certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.17]
  3538 participants
  Moderate

Organisational interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether organisational interventions changes mortality compared with standard/usual care (very low certainty).

• Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.85, 1.03]
  154962 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Interventions to optimise prescribing for older people in care homes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 6805 participants
  Low

Integrated management of childhood illness strategy vs usual care

Integrated management of childhood illness strategy showed no clear difference in mortality compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under five 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Risk ratio 0.87 [0.68, 1.1]
  1 study · 5090 participants
  Low

General health checks vs usual care

General health checks showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with usual care (high certainty).

• General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.97, 1.03]
  11 studies · 233298 participants
  High