It is very uncertain whether laparoscopic changes long‐term mortality compared with open transhiatal oesophagectomy (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether laparoscopic changes short‐term mortality (in hospital or within 3 months) compared with open transhiatal oesophagectomy (very low certainty).
Laparoscopic gastrectomy showed no clear difference in short‐term mortality compared with open gastrectomy (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether laparoscopic gastrectomy changes long‐term mortality (maximal compared with open gastrectomy (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy changes long‐term mortality compared with open distal pancreatectomy (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy changes short‐term mortality compared with open distal pancreatectomy (very low certainty).