Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

45 questions · 48 findings · 28 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 4 · 8.3%GRADE not reported 5 · 10.4%Very low 17 · 35.4%Low 10 · 20.8%Moderate 4 · 8.3%High 8 · 16.7%

Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy

Mortality ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia

Chest physiotherapy may leads to lower mortality ( compared with no chest physiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.28 [0.08, 0.9]
1 study · 225 participants
Low

Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation vs general anaesthesia

All‐cause mortality · breast cancer surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation versus general anaesthesia for women undergoing breast cancer surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 9 participants
GRADE not reported

General anaesthesia vs non‐general anaesthesia

Stroke‐related mortality · acute ischaemic stroke endovascular treatment (long‐term)

General anaesthesia showed no clear difference in stroke‐related mortality compared with non‐general anaesthesia (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Type of anaesthesia for acute ischaemic stroke endovascular treatment 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.64, 1.22]
6 studies · 843 participants
Low
Type of anaesthesia for acute ischaemic stroke endovascular treatment 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.52, 1.84]
3 studies · 330 participants
Low

Lung cancer screening with chest radiography +/‐ sputum cytology vs less intense screening

All‐cause mortality ‐ More frequent chest x‐ray screening versus less frequent screening · Patients with lung cancer

Lung cancer screening with chest radiography +/‐ sputum cytology showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ More frequent chest x‐ray screening versus… compared with less intense screening (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Screening for lung cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.08]
4 studies · 170149 participants
Low

Lung cancer screening with chest radiography +/‐ sputum cytology vs less intense screening

Mortality: lung cancer · Patients with lung cancer

Lung cancer screening with chest radiography +/‐ sputum cytology showed no clear difference in lung cancer mortality ‐ More frequent chest x‐ray screening versus… compared with less intense screening (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Screening for lung cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.95, 1.31]
4 studies · 81303 participants
Moderate
Screening for lung cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.74, 1.03]
2 studies · 20427 participants
High

Lung cancer screening with chest radiography +/‐ sputum cytology vs less intense screening

All‐cause mortality ‐ Annual chest x‐ray plus 4‐monthly cytology versus annual x‐ray alone · Patients with lung cancer

Lung cancer screening with chest radiography +/‐ sputum cytology showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ Annual chest x‐ray plus 4‐monthly cytology… compared with less intense screening (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Screening for lung cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.91, 1.15]
1 study · 10040 participants
High

Conventional chest physiotherapy plus routine treatment vs routine treatment alone

All‐cause mortality · people with pneumonia

It is very uncertain whether conventional chest physiotherapy plus routine treatment changes mortality compared with routine treatment alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.15, 7.13]
2 studies · 225 participants
Very low

High‐frequency chest wall oscillation plus fibrobronchoscope alveolar lavage vs fibrobronchoscope alveolar lavage alone

All‐cause mortality · people with severe pneumonia and receiving mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether high‐frequency chest wall oscillation plus fibrobronchoscope… changes mortality compared with fibrobronchoscope alveolar lavage alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.17, 3.29]
1 study · 286 participants
Very low

Bispectral index vs BIS‐blinded anaesthesia/clinical judgement

In‐hospital mortality ‐ not measured

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Highest vs lowest green tea exposure

Mortality: all cancers · adults (aged at least 18 years)

Highest showed no clear difference in any cancer mortality (8 studies) compared with lowest green tea exposure (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.91, 1.07]
504366 participants
Low

Starches vs crystalloid

All‐cause mortality (at end of

Starches showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (at end of compared with crystalloid (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.86, 1.09]
24 studies · 11177 participants
Moderate

Starches vs crystalloid

All‐cause mortality (at 90 days)

Starches showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (at 90 days) compared with crystalloid (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.9, 1.14]
15 studies · 10415 participants
Moderate

Highest vs lowest selenium exposure

Cancer mortality risk No. of participants: 17,448 (1 RCT) · Participants in trials with low risk of bias

Highest showed no clear difference in cancer mortality risk No. of participants: 17,448 (1 RCT) compared with lowest selenium exposure (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Selenium for preventing cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.8, 1.3]
Studies not reported
High

Starches vs crystalloid

All‐cause mortality (within 30 days)

Starches showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with crystalloid (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.09]
11 studies · 10135 participants
Moderate

Highest vs lowest selenium exposure

Mortality: all cancers · Participants in non experimental cohort studies on selenium and cancer

It is very uncertain whether highest changes cancer mortality risk No. of participants: 183,863 (7 observational… compared with lowest selenium exposure (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Selenium for preventing cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.76 [0.59, 0.97]
Studies not reported
Very low

Annual chest x‐ray screening vs usual care (no regular screening)

Mortality: lung cancer · Patients with lung cancer

Annual chest x‐ray screening showed no clear difference in lung cancer mortality at 6 years of compared with usual care (no regular screening) (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Screening for lung cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.81, 1.03]
1 study · 154901 participants
High
Screening for lung cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.91, 1.07]
1 study · 154901 participants
High

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

All‐cause mortality · Patients with hip fracture repair

It is very uncertain whether neuraxial block changes mortality compared with general anaesthesia (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.57, 1.06]
11 studies · 2152 participants
Very low

Mobile bearing vs fixed bearing prosthesis

All‐cause mortality · patients with posterior cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty for postoperative functional status in patients with osteoarthritis and…

Mobile bearing may leads to lower mortality compared with fixed bearing prosthesis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile bearing vs fixed bearing prostheses for posterior cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty for postoperative… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69
4 studies · 188 participants
Low

Helium vs carbon dioxide

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing laparoscopic general abdominal or gynaecological pelvic surgery under general anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 177 participants
Very low

Room air vs carbon dioxide

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing laparoscopic general abdominal or gynaecological pelvic surgery under general anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 146 participants
Very low