Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

20 questions · 20 findings · 11 reviews · Stroke

No studies found 2 · 10%GRADE not reported 2 · 10%Very low 8 · 40%Low 2 · 10%Moderate 5 · 25%High 1 · 5%

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants vs placebo

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (Analysis 1.14) · people with stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment Analysis 1.12 compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

tDCS vs active control

Dropouts, adverse events and deaths during intervention phase Numbers of dropouts, adverse events and deaths from all causes · people with stroke

tDCS showed no clear difference in secondary outcome measure: dropouts, adverse events and deaths… compared with any type of active control intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

tDCS vs placebo or control

Dropouts, adverse events and deaths during intervention phase Numbers of dropouts, adverse events and deaths from all causes · people with stroke

tDCS showed no clear difference in secondary outcome measure: dropouts, adverse events and deaths… compared with any type of placebo or passive control intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy vs usual care or physiotherapy

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · patients with walking after stroke

Electromechanical‐ and robot‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy probably leads to lower death from all causes until end of intervention phase (secondary… compared with physiotherapy (or usual care) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapy vs usual care or attention control

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (Analysis 1.14) · people with stroke

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapy changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (Analysis 2.16) compared with usual care and/or attention control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapy vs usual care or attention control

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapy changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) compared with usual care and/or attention control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review