What do systematic reviews say?

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes chronic lung disease compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.03 [0.8, 5.2]
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

It is very uncertain whether lower changes chronic lung disease (36 weeks' corrected age) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (very low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.72, 1.14]
  9 studies · 862 participants
  Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes chronic lung disease compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.48, 1.24]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Very low

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease compared with betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.64, 1.34]
  1 study · 1509 participants
  Moderate

Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation

Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease at 28 days of birth (CLD 28 days) compared with conventional ventilation (low certainty).

• Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.54, 1.07]
  1 study · 97 participants
  Low

Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes

Magnesium sulphate showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia (newborn/infant)** compared with placebo (outcomes (low certainty).

• Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.77, 1.1]
  5 studies · 6689 participants
  Low

Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations

Use of initial sustained inflation showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease ‒any grade compared with standard inflations (moderate certainty).

• Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.13]
  8 studies · 1418 participants
  Moderate

DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact vs ECC

DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with ECC (low certainty).

• Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.66, 1.37]
  1 study · 249 participants
  Low

DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs UCM

DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with UCM (low certainty).

• Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.53 [0.43, 5.48]
  2 studies · 125 participants
  Low

UCM vs ECC

UCM showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with ECC (low certainty).

• Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.66]
  7 studies · 682 participants
  Low

DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping vs ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation)

DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) (high certainty).

• Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.94, 1.14]
  6 studies · 1644 participants
  High

Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations

Use of initial sustained inflation showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD compared with standard inflations (moderate certainty).

• Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.74, 1.22]
  5 studies · 683 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid showed no clear difference in A8: Chronic lung disease – all fetuses randomised compared with single course (high certainty).

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.83, 1.22]
  9 studies · 5661 participants
  High