What do systematic reviews say?

151 questions · 152 findings · 77 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 9 · 5.9%GRADE not reported 8 · 5.3%Very low 36 · 23.7%Low 47 · 30.9%Moderate 37 · 24.3%High 15 · 9.9%

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Epidural anaesthesia for pain relief excluding for caesarean section · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation

Blood transfusion · women with non‐labour caesarean section

Cervical dilatation showed no clear difference in need for blood transfusion (within 24 hours post caesarean section) compared with no dilatation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.54 [0.37, 33.79]
2 studies · 847 participants
Low

Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo

Elective delivery (induction of labour + elective caesarean section) · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Any antihypertensive drug showed no clear difference in elective delivery (induction of labour + elective caesarean section) compared with no antihypertensive drugs/placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.04]
4 studies · 710 participants
Moderate

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Epidural anaesthesia for pain relief excluding for caesarean section · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Epidural anaesthesia for pain relief excluding for caesarean section · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)

Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)

Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term

Cephalic vaginal birth not achieved (CS + breech vaginal birth) (primary) · women with breech presentation before term

External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term leads to lower vaginal cephalic birth not achieved (caesarean section + vaginal… compared with ECV at term (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.83, 0.97]
3 studies · 1888 participants
High

Hands and knees posture vs other postures

Operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) · fetal malposition in labour

Hands and knees posture showed no clear difference in operative birth (composite outcome defined as caesarean section,… compared with other postures (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [0.87, 1.5]
3 studies · 721 participants
Low

Lateral postures vs other postures

Operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) · fetal malposition in labour

Lateral postures showed no clear difference in operative birth (composite outcome defined as caesarean section,… compared with other postures (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.43, 1.19]
4 studies · 871 participants
Low

Test of placental function vs usual care

Elective delivery (induction of labour or non‐labour caesarean section) report of mode of delivery · women in the third trimester of pregnancy

Test of placental function showed no clear difference in elective delivery (induction of labour or non‐labour caesarean… compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.14]
2 studies · 740 participants
Low