Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

20 questions · 20 findings · 11 reviews

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No studies found 9 · 45%GRADE not reported 4 · 20%Very low 2 · 10%Low 3 · 15%Moderate 1 · 5%High 1 · 5%

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) vs pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (long term)

All‐cause mortality · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) vs pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (short term)

All‐cause mortality · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index… showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (short term) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.7, 1.74]
1 study · 594 participants
Low

Higher vs lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation

All‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y · adults admitted to the ICU

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all‐cause mortality: range 1 mo to 1 y compared with lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06]
16 studies · 9408 participants
Very low

Higher‐dose anticoagulants vs lower‐dose anticoagulants

All‐cause mortality · people hospitalised with COVID‐19

Higher‐dose anticoagulants showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower‐dose anticoagulants (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulants for people hospitalised with COVID‐19: a rapid review 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.92, 1.16]
4 studies · 4489 participants
High

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy

All‐cause mortality · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

All‐cause mortality · people with or without existing CVD, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower PUFA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.89, 1.07]
24 studies · 19290 participants
Moderate

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

All‐cause mortality · older adults with primary hypertension

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.99, 1.54]
3 studies · 8221 participants
Low

BM‐MNCs vs mPBSCs

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · people with critical limb ischaemia

1 finding from 1 review

Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no‐option' critical… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 202 participants
GRADE not reported

High cell dose vs low cell dose

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · people with critical limb ischaemia

1 finding from 1 review

Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no‐option' critical… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 16 participants
GRADE not reported

IM injection vs IA injection

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · people with critical limb ischaemia

1 finding from 1 review

Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no‐option' critical… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 95 participants
GRADE not reported

BM‐MNCs vs BM‐MSCs

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · people with critical limb ischaemia

1 finding from 1 review

Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no‐option' critical… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 37 participants
GRADE not reported

Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula

All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intramuscular injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) vs control

All‐cause mortality ( · people with CLI who were not suitable for revascularisation and showed no improvement in response to the best standard therapy

It is very uncertain whether intramuscular injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) changes all‐cause mortality ( compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local intramuscular transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for critical lower limb ischaemia 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.15, 6.63]
3 studies · 123 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes

All‐cause mortality Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 1.5%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD

Higher showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose… compared with lower omega‐6: primary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.88, 1.12]
10 studies · 4506 participants
Low