What do systematic reviews say?

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  GRADE not reported

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  GRADE not reported

Spinal manipulative therapy vs sham SMT

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  GRADE not reported

Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo

• Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

High‐pressure garment therapy vs low‐pressure garment therapy

• Pressure‐garment therapy for preventing hypertrophic scarring after burn injury 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling vs slow dialysis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling changes adverse events compared with slow dialysis (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.15, 11.64]
  1 study · 15 participants
  Very low

High vs low dose pegylated interferon alpha‐2a or alpha‐2b

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pegylated interferon + ribavirin (24 weeks) + initial telepravir (12 weeks) vs pegylated interferon (48 weeks) + initial telepravir (12 weeks) + initial low dose ribavirin (12 + 36 weeks)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rabeprazole at higher doses (1 mg/kg) vs rabeprazole at lower doses (0.5 mg/kg)

• Pharmacological treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Pantoprazole in higher doses (1.2 mg/kg) vs pantoprazole at lower doses (0.3 mg/kg)

• Pharmacological treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

CBT vs active control

• Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

LNG‐IUS vs another combined low‐dose OCP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Progestogens or progestogen‐releasing intrauterine systems for uterine fibroids (other than preoperative medical… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acupuncture vs usual care

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in adverse events Self‐reported compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.34 [0.36, 30.68]
  1 study · 74 participants
  Low

Acupuncture vs sham

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in adverse events Self‐reported compared with sham intervention (low certainty).

• Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.46, 1.01]
  4 studies · 465 participants
  Low

Acupuncture vs no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) vs low‐dose comparison

• Constraint‐induced movement therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 454 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to promote patient utilisation of cardiac rehabilitation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

High dose 5‐ASA vs low dose 5‐ASA

High dose 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with low dose 5‐ASA (low certainty).

• Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.15, 7.24]
  1 study · 206 participants
  Low