Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,004 questions · 1,019 findings · 269 reviews

No studies found 333 · 32.7%GRADE not reported 106 · 10.4%Very low 313 · 30.7%Low 189 · 18.5%Moderate 66 · 6.5%High 12 · 1.2%

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g.… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

Non‐invasive brain stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria,… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) vs locking plate

Direct adverse events (reoperation): we report reoperation for removal of implant as this is the most clinically relevant. Other adverse events with data included: loss of fixation, superficial infection, deep infection, haematoma formation, impla... · adults with fractures of the distal femur

It is very uncertain whether retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) changes direct adverse events (reoperation): we report reoperation for… compared with locking plate (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical thrombectomy vs different types of endovascular interventions

Major adverse events · thrombosed haemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas and grafts

It is very uncertain whether surgical thrombectomy changes major adverse events compared with different types of endovascular interventions (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical thrombectomy vs different types of endovascular interventions

Minor adverse events · thrombosed haemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas and grafts

It is very uncertain whether surgical thrombectomy changes minor adverse events compared with different types of endovascular interventions (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azathioprine vs cyclophosphamide

Serious adverse events · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy

Azathioprine showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with cyclophosphamide (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Leflunomide vs methotrexate

Serious adverse events* · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy

Leflunomide showed no clear difference in serious adverse events* compared with methotrexate (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Corticosteroid creams/ointments: mometasone furoate cream 3 times/week vs 2 times/week

Primary outcome 3: Adverse events · people (all patch‐tested) with hand eczema > 6 months that had cleared upon daily treatment for a maximum of 9 weeks with mometasone…

Corticosteroid creams/ointments: mometasone furoate cream 3 times/week showed no clear difference in primary: adverse events compared with 2 times/week (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review