Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,228 questions · 1,245 findings · 383 reviews

No studies found 403 · 32.4%GRADE not reported 128 · 10.3%Very low 385 · 30.9%Low 232 · 18.6%Moderate 81 · 6.5%High 16 · 1.3%

Intramedullary fixation vs open reduction and internal fixation with plate

Adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (various: mainly infection; cosmetic result ‐ e.g. prominent metalwork ‐ and symptomatic hardware) · adults (aged ≥ 16 years) with acute middle third clavicle fractures

It is very uncertain whether intramedullary fixation changes adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (various: mainly infection;… compared with open reduction and internal fixation with plate (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or no treatment (Spontaneous reporting of dichotomous outcomes) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or no treatment (Spontaneous reporting of dichotomous outcomes) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes non‐serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events 4 studies reported the frequency of self reported adverse events in the AED and placebo groups The results show a trend in favour of the placebo groups · people with epilepsy and intellectual disability

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events 4 studies reported the frequency of self reported… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Application of heat vs application of cold

Adverse events due to treatment Minor adverse events, reported in studies as: exacerbation in pain after treatment; burn as a result of hot‐water immersion, or transient erythema, or adverse effects due to application of ice · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box…

It is very uncertain whether application of heat changes adverse events due to treatment Minor adverse events, reported in… compared with application of cold (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Schema therapy vs usual care

Adverse events Assessed by: number of participants with a global negative outcome (e.g. dropping out of therapy, recidivism or being transferred to another facility due to poor treatment response) overall Timing of assessment: over the 3 years · adults with antisocial personality disorder

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) vs locking plate

Direct adverse events (reoperation): we report reoperation for removal of implant as this is the most clinically relevant. Other adverse events with data included: loss of fixation, superficial infection, deep infection, haematoma formation, impla... · adults with fractures of the distal femur

It is very uncertain whether retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) changes direct adverse events (reoperation): we report reoperation for… compared with locking plate (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review