Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,514 questions · 1,543 findings · 649 reviews

No studies found 224 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 105 · 6.8%Very low 383 · 24.8%Low 447 · 29%Moderate 293 · 19%High 91 · 5.9%

Azithromycin vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events during treatment period · people with moderate to severe disease (WHO scale 4–9); all studies contributing results to the summary of findings table included people…

Azithromycin showed no clear difference in any adverse events during the study period compared with placebo or standard of care alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Adverse events: serum calcium above normal · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Vitamin D plus calcium showed no clear difference in adverse events: serum calcium above normal compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo

Adverse events: hypertension with seizures · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

It is very uncertain whether oral cyclophosphamide changes adverse events: hypertension with seizures compared with prednisone or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs placebo

Adverse events (tongue and tooth staining) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g. diabetes) or…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis 2008 · Cochrane All outcomes
    2 weeks
    Winkel 2003: significantly more tongue staining (P < 0.001) and tooth staining (P < 0.002) were noted with the chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride + zinc lactate mouthrinse than with placebo.
    1 study · 40 participants
    GRADE not reported

Antidepressants vs placebo

Total adverse events between 0 and 16 weeks · predominantly knee osteoarthritis

Antidepressant leads to higher total adverse events between 0 and 16 weeks compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Gastrointestinal adverse events · Women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility

Metformin probably leads to higher adverse events (gastrointestinal) per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Quinine vs placebo

Major adverse events · patients with muscle cramps
1 finding from 1 review
  • Quinine for muscle cramps 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
    no estimate extracted
    18 studies · 1103 participants
    Moderate

Quinine vs placebo

Minor adverse events · patients with muscle cramps
1 finding from 1 review

Cromolyn sodium vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · active EoE pediatric patients

Cromolyn sodium showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events at 8 weeks compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Casirivimab/imdevimab vs placebo

Grades 3 and 4 adverse events · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2

It is very uncertain whether casirivimab/imdevimab changes adverse events: grade 3 to 4 within 6 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Cediranib plus chemotherapy vs placebo plus chemotherapy

Specific adverse events: serious haemorrhage · women with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer

It is very uncertain whether cediranib plus chemotherapy changes specific adverse events: serious haemorrhage compared with placebo plus chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cediranib plus chemotherapy vs placebo plus chemotherapy

Specific adverse events: serioushypertension · women with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer

It is very uncertain whether cediranib plus chemotherapy changes specific adverse events: serioushypertension compared with placebo plus chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review