Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

137 questions · 138 findings · 58 reviews

No studies found 23 · 16.7%GRADE not reported 4 · 2.9%Very low 35 · 25.4%Low 31 · 22.5%Moderate 34 · 24.6%High 11 · 8%

Combination of manual therapy and exercise following joint distension vs sham ultrasound following joint distension

Adverse events · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

Combination of manual therapy and exercise following joint distension leads to lower adverse events compared with sham ultrasound following joint distension (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. headache, seizures) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. headache,… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g.… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen may leads to higher number of participants who withdrew due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review