What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for frostbite injuries 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Serlopitant 0.25 mg vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether serlopitant 0.25 mg changes adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.29 [0.75, 2.24]
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Serlopitant 5 mg vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether serlopitant 5 mg changes adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.48 [0.87, 2.5]
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Serlopitant 1 mg vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether serlopitant 1 mg changes adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.86, 2.47]
  1 study · 128 participants
  Very low

Mechanical tongue cleaning (tongue scraper) vs No tongue cleaning

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Hinokitiol gel vs Placebo gel

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 4 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 3 months
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

1000 mg champignon extract vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events (Table 6). Risk with placebo mouthwash: None reported. Risk with halita mouthwash: tongue staining was seen in patients who gargled, rather than rinsed. 40 participants (1 RCT). Certainty: VERY LOW.
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

Halita mouthrinse vs Perio-plus mouthrinse

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 8 days
  Adverse events (Table 12). Risk with Perio-plus mouthrinse: 1 patient reported unpleasant feeling after the use of the product; there were no severe adverse events reported. Risk with halita mouthrinse: 1 patient…
  1 study · 36 participants
  Very low

Topical G32 (ayurvedic preparation) vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel)

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 week
  Patil 2017 reported burning mucosa and drying of mouth in a few subjects using the control drug (chlorhexidine) and no adverse effects were reported in the intervention group (G32 tablets).
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Zinc chloride + sodium fluoride dentifrice vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Payne 2011 reported 19 non-oral and 12 oral adverse effects. The oral effects were tingling sensation in lips, dry mouth or sore gums.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

Antibiotic prophylaxis showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with surveillance or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.08]
  4 studies · 1056 participants
  Moderate

One type of repeat midurethral tape vs another type of repeat midurethral tape

• Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic midurethral… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  46 participants
  GRADE not reported

Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic midurethral… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic midurethral… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Biotin vs placebo

• Interventions for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (including cradle cap) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 39 participants
  GRADE not reported