What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings table ‐ Delayed antibiotics vs immediate antibiotics

• Immediate versus delayed versus no antibiotics for respiratory infections 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1302 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in children experiencing adverse effects of antibiotics (e.g.… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.88 [0.62, 5.69]
  3 studies · 190 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Delayed antibiotics vs no antibiotics

• Immediate versus delayed versus no antibiotics for respiratory infections 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 674 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) (28 days) vs TNS (56 days)

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs no treatment

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs no treatment

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for episiotomy repair following vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intravenous ceftazidime with tobramycin vs ciprofloxacin

Intravenous ceftazidime with tobramycin probably leads to lower adverse effects of antibiotics: compared with oral ciprofloxacin (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97
  1 study · 285 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes number of participants who experienced any adverse effects related… (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for infection prevention after excision of the cervical transformation zone 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.69 [0.85, 3.34]
  2 studies · 638 participants
  Very low

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs no treatment or placebo

It is very uncertain whether routine antibiotic prophylaxis changes adverse effects of antibiotics (skin rash) compared with no treatment or placebo (very low certainty).

• Routine antibiotic prophylaxis after normal vaginal birth for reducing maternal infectious morbidity 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.03 [0.32, 28.95]
  2 studies · 1706 participants
  Very low

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs inhaled tobramycin

It is very uncertain whether oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin changes adverse effects of antibiotics: severe cough compared with inhaled tobramycin (TNS) (very low certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.01, 8.24]
  1 study · 58 participants
  Very low

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether inhaled tobramycin (TNS) changes adverse effects of antibiotics: participants experiencing cough compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.76 [0.1, 5.77]
  2 studies · 72 participants
  Very low

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral ciprofloxacin

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 223 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin vs TNS plus oral placebo

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of antibiotics: number of participants experiencing… compared with TNS plus oral placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.96, 1.14]
  1 study · 221 participants
  Moderate

14 days inhaled AZLI plus 14 days placebo vs 28 days inhaled AZLI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ciprofloxacin vs placebo added to cycled and culture‐based inhaled tobramycin (TNS) therapy

Ciprofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of antibiotics: proportion of participants with one… compared with placebo added to cycled and culture‐based inhaled tobramycin (TNS)… (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.54 [0.93, 2.57]
  1 study · 304 participants
  Moderate

Cycled inhaled tobramycin vs culture‐based TNS

Cycled inhaled tobramycin (TNS) probably leads to lower adverse effects of antibiotics: proportion of participants with one… compared with culture‐based TNS (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85
  1 study · 304 participants
  Moderate