What do systematic reviews say?

Stiripentol vs add‐on placebo

Add‐on stiripentol may leads to higher ≥ 1 adverse effects compared with add‐on placebo (low certainty).

• Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.65 [1.08, 6.47]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low

Sulthiame vs phenytoin

Sulthiame showed no clear difference in all adverse effects compared with phenytoin (low certainty).

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.54, 2.07]
  1 study · 146 participants
  Low

Sulthiame vs placebo

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 100 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intravenous iron vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether intravenous iron changes mild adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Intravenous iron therapy for non‐anaemic, iron‐deficient adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.19 [0.97, 1.45]
  3 studies · 440 participants
  Very low

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 410 participants
  Moderate

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Low

CBT vs other experimental control

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 595 participants
  Low

CBT vs no treatment or waiting list

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 447 participants
  Moderate

Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs splint

Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) showed no clear difference in complications (adverse effects) compared with occlusal splint therapy; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.07 [0.50, 2.28]
  1 study · 29 participants
  GRADE not reported

Irinotecan‐based regimens vs irinotecan

Irinotecan‐based regimens showed no clear difference in severe adverse effects compared with irinotecan (moderate certainty).

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [0.96, 1.45]
  6 studies · 2510 participants
  Moderate

Irinotecan + oxaliplatin vs irinotecan

Irinotecan + oxaliplatin probably leads to higher severe adverse effects compared with irinotecan (moderate certainty).

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [1.09, 1.37]
  1 study · 627 participants
  Moderate

Perioperative statins vs placebo or no treatment

• Perioperative statin therapy for improving outcomes during and after noncardiac vascular surgery 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 188 participants
  GRADE not reported

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.87 [1.33, 2.64]
  3 studies · 1295 participants
  Moderate

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 410 participants
  Moderate

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

CBT showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking) (low certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.64]
  1 study · 42 participants
  Low

CBT vs other experimental control

CBT showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with other experimental control (low certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.7 [0.16, 18.36]
  6 studies · 595 participants
  Low

Laser therapy vs laser plus brachytherapy

Laser showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ All adverse effects compared with laser plus brachytherapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.74 [0.31, 1.77]
  4 studies · 124 participants
  Moderate

Laser therapy vs Photodynamic therapy

Laser showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ All adverse effects compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT) (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.6 [0.33, 1.07]
  2 studies · 278 participants
  Moderate

Sulthiame vs levetiracetam

Sulthiame showed no clear difference in adverse effects (others) compared with levetiracetam (low certainty).

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.19 [0.37, 3.85]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Low

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: fatigue compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.46 [1.08, 1.97]
  3 studies · 1295 participants
  Moderate