What do systematic reviews say?

Professional oral care vs Usual oral care

• Oral care measures for preventing nursing home‐acquired pneumonia 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Measured in only 1 study (834 participants), which reported no serious events and 64 non-serious events, the most common of which were oral cavity disturbances (not defined) and dental staining.
  1 study · 834 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: information from 2 studies; one stated there were none, the other reported mild reversible irritation of the oral mucosa; very low certainty. There was a lack of evidence about adverse effects.
  2 studies
  Very low

Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty

• Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 592 participants
  Low

Manual paper reminders vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

PROM feedback vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and patients in… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Immune‐enhancing supplements (oral or enteral) vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 399 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral nutritional supplements vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 373 participants
  GRADE not reported

Preoperative parenteral nutrition vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 260 participants
  GRADE not reported

Preoperative enteral nutrition (standard formula) vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticholinergic burden reduction interventions vs usual care

• Anticholinergic deprescribing interventions for reducing risk of cognitive decline or dementia in older adults with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care

• Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 425 participants
  Low

Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care

• Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 141 participants
  Very low

Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 496 participants
  Moderate

Case management vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs usual care or attention control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Multifactorial interventions vs usual care or attention control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interactive computer intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interactive computer‐based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Comparison #3: Decision coaching plus evidence‐based information vs usual care ‐ Summary of findings

• Decision coaching for people making healthcare decisions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 250 participants
  Very low

Comparison #1: Decision coaching vs usual care ‐ Summary of findings

• Decision coaching for people making healthcare decisions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  2019
  2 studies · 170 participants
  Very low