What do systematic reviews say?

Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus drug therapy changes adverse effects compared with drug therapy alone (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.55]
  1 study · 38 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Reported adverse events were minor and evenly distributed between the groups (Kolseth 2005). 'Very few and mostly harmless side-effects' were observed (Bratel 2005).
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with antimicrobials) vs Alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects of therapy: Not reported for this comparison.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation

• Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of non‐asphyxial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

LongoVital (herbal plus vitamin component) vs LongoVital (herbal component alone)

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 months
  Reported adverse events were minor and evenly distributed between the groups (Kolseth 2005).
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Radiosurgery alone vs WBRT and radiosurgery

• Whole brain radiotherapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple brain metastases 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  High

Oestrogen therapy alone vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen therapy alone vs devices such

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen therapy alone vs surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen therapy alone vs no treatment or placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intermittent iron supplementation (alone or with any other micronutrients) vs no supplementation or placebo

Intermittent iron supplementation (alone or with any other… showed no clear difference in any adverse side effects compared with no supplementation or placebo (moderate certainty).

• Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.98 [0.31, 12.72]
  3 studies · 630 participants
  Moderate

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  0% in both groups; Not estimated; 2389 participants (4 RCTs)
  4 studies · 2389 participants
  GRADE not reported

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to higher any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

• Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.7]
  1 study · 785 participants
  Low

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin 300 mg/day) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether anticonvulsants (gabapentin 300 mg/day) changes adverse effects: drowsiness (gabapentin alone) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  RR 31.95 [1.84, 553.64]
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Statin plus metformin vs metformin

• Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2011 participants
  GRADE not reported

Statin plus oral contraceptive pill vs oral contraceptive pill (OCP)

• Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2006 participants
  GRADE not reported

Daily conventionally fractionated radiotherapy vs supportive care

• External beam radiation dose escalation for high grade glioma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 289 participants
  GRADE not reported