What do systematic reviews say?

Topical aminocaproic acid vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Medical interventions for traumatic hyphema 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Laser therapy vs laser plus brachytherapy

Laser showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ All adverse effects compared with laser plus brachytherapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.74 [0.31, 1.77]
  4 studies · 124 participants
  Moderate

Laser therapy vs Photodynamic therapy

Laser showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ All adverse effects compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT) (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.6 [0.33, 1.07]
  2 studies · 278 participants
  Moderate

SEMS vs laser

SEMS showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ All adverse effects compared with laser (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.26 [0.96, 5.33]
  2 studies · 125 participants
  Moderate

Laxative vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether laxative changes adverse effects on babies: loose stools compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.16, 2.41]
  1 study · 281 participants
  Very low

Amifostine vs no treatment/placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Alopecia, skin toxicity, hot flush, drowsiness, sneezing, hiccupping, dizziness and fatigue reported narratively or only for the amifostine group; insufficient evidence of a difference
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Pilocarpine vs no treatment/placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No evidence of a difference for any other adverse event (nausea, vomiting, chilling, headache, lacrimation, dysphasia, weakness, nervousness, rhinitis, blurred vision, urinary frequency, dizziness, palpitation, skin…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Collagen changes side effects: at least one adverse event compared with standard diet or placebo (very low certainty).

• Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.69 [0.33, 22.3]
  2 studies · 154 participants
  Very low

Cisapride vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) in cystic fibrosis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Laxative vs placebo

Laxative may leads to higher adverse effects on women: abdominal cramps compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.23 [1.75, 10.19]
  1 study · 471 participants
  Low

Surgery vs botulinum neurotoxin injections

• Interventions for infantile esotropia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 101 participants
  Very low

Bilateral recession vs unilateral recession‐resection

• Interventions for infantile esotropia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 118 participants
  Very low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects: diabetes or hyperglycaemia compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.48 [0.19, 1.25]
  7 studies · 450 participants
  Low

Combined HBO and perioperative antibiotics prior to dental implant therapy vs antibiotics alone

• Interventions for preventing osteoradionecrosis of the jaws in adults receiving head and neck radiotherapy 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 year
  This comparison was only made in 1 study which reported no serious adverse events associated with HBO therapy. Quality of life measures (oral status, functioning, satisfaction) showed emotional functioning and pain…
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention

It is very uncertain whether group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention changes adverse effects: suicidal thoughts (events) compared with needs‐focused intervention (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.01, 6.1]
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

NSAIDs (ketorolac oral rinse; systemic celecoxib) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  over 3 months
  SoF 3, Safety of the intervention over 3 months: systemic celecoxib (1 study) - 32 intervention participants reported 56 adverse effects, 20 placebo participants reported 20; 4 grade 3 events; 2 discontinued. Ketorolac…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Topical bleomycin vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 3 months
  SoF 5, Safety of the intervention up to 3 months: 'All patients in the bleomycin group developed erythema with erosion by the end of the applications, whereas erythema developed in the placebo group. Discomfort was…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  5 to 12 months
  SoF 2, Safety of the intervention at 5 to 12 months: 'Systemic beta carotene did not cause any adverse effects in 1 study supplementing 10 mg/d (Nagao), and caused adverse effects of varying severity in 9% of…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 3 months
  SoF 4, Safety of the intervention up to 3 months: '3 studies measured adverse effects: green tea extract capsules caused high frequency (93%) of adverse effects of varying severity in 1 study; the mixed tea study did…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 to 12 months
  SoF 1, Safety of the intervention at 4 to 12 months: '3 studies (1 each evaluating topical acitretin, topical 13-cis-retinoic acid, 200,000 IU per week of vitamin A) found no adverse effects. Systemic 13-cis-retinoic…
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported