Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

780 questions · 834 findings · 76 reviews

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No studies found 187 · 22.4%GRADE not reported 164 · 19.7%Very low 144 · 17.3%Low 172 · 20.6%Moderate 105 · 12.6%High 62 · 7.4%

Vitamin D vs placebo

FEV1 % predicted · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1286 participants
High

Vitamin D vs placebo

Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events due to any cause · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.56, 1.41]
12 studies · 1556 participants
High

Vitamin D vs placebo

People with fatal asthma exacerbation. · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1976 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

Withdrawals (parallel group trials/first arm cross‐over trials) · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from trial compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.05 [0.77, 1.43]
20 studies · 2225 participants
High

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Death at hospital discharge · individuals with moderate to severe disease

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 313 participants
Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Improvement of clinical status · individuals with moderate to severe disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Worsening of clinical status · individuals with moderate to severe disease

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Vitamin D showed no clear difference in worsening of clinical status compared with placebo or standard care alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.52 [0.24, 1.13]
1 study · 237 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Quality of life, including fatigue and neurological functioning; · individuals with moderate to severe disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events: all grades · individuals with moderate to severe disease

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Vitamin D changes adverse events (any grade) compared with placebo or standard care alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.98 [0.12, 72.3]
1 study · 237 participants
Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Serious adverse events · individuals with moderate to severe disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient

Pre‐eclampsia · women during pregnancy

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.62, 1.22]
4 studies · 1903 participants
Low

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient

Gestational diabetes · women during pregnancy

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in gestational diabetes compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.56, 1.42]
5 studies · 2276 participants
Low

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient

Preterm birth · women during pregnancy

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.64, 1.12]
6 studies · 2948 participants
Low

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient

Low birthweight · women during pregnancy

A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in low birthweight compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.49, 1.7]
2 studies · 1099 participants
Low

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

Hypercalcaemia · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Risk of hypercalcaemia: RR 3.80 (95% CI 0.90 to 16.12), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 3.80 [0.90, 16.12]
5 studies · 382 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

Subperiosteal erosions · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Subperiosteal erosions: RR 0.41 (95% CI 0.07 to 2.38), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 0.41 [0.07, 2.38]
3 studies · 120 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

All‐cause mortality · Adults with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Mortality: RR 1.40 (95% CI 0.38 to 5.15), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 1.40 [0.38, 5.15]
4 studies · 381 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

Creatinine clearance · Adults with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Creatinine clearance: WMD -1.68 (95% CI -6.92 to 3.56), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
WMD -1.68 [-6.92, 3.56]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

Risk of hyperphosphataemia · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Risk of hyperphosphataemia: RR 1.57 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.54), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 1.57 [0.97, 2.54]
2 studies · 59 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

Fracture · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Fractures: RR 1.00 (95% CI 0.06 to 15.41), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 1.00 [0.06, 15.41]
4 studies
GRADE not reported