Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health outcomes
1 finding from 1 review
Anaemia · health outcomes
Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… showed no clear difference in anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Haemoglobin (g/dL) · health outcomes
1 finding from 1 review
Neural tube defects (All) · health: non‐randomised studies
It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes neural tube defects (spina bifida, encephalocoele, anencephaly‐fatal… compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.48]
8037 participants
Very low
Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy or both) · people with AMD
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement probably leads to lower progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, or both) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Progression to neovascular AMD · people with AMD
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement probably leads to lower progression to neovascular AMD compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Progression to geographic atrophy · people with AMD
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement showed no clear difference in progression to geographic atrophy compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement probably leads to lower progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life · people with AMD
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects · people with AMD
Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement may leads to lower adverse effects compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Resource use and costs · people with AMD
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of acute URTIs over a period of time) · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin A supplements showed no clear difference in incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of… compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (proportion of participants with an acute URTI) · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
1 finding from 1 review
Severity of subjective symptoms (mean duration of acute URTI) · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
1 finding from 1 review
Time to occurrence of acute URTI ‐ not reported · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of cases with complications ‐ not reported · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Rate of hospitalisation ‐ not reported · children up to the age of 7 at risk of upper respiratory tract infection
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Maternal death · women in the postpartum period
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) showed no clear difference in maternal mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal morbidity (diarrhoea, respiratory infections, fever) · women in the postpartum period
1 finding from 1 review