Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

780 questions · 834 findings · 76 reviews

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No studies found 187 · 22.4%GRADE not reported 164 · 19.7%Very low 144 · 17.3%Low 172 · 20.6%Moderate 105 · 12.6%High 62 · 7.4%

Vitamin D vs placebo/no treatment

Quality of life at end of study (26 weeks) · people with inflammatory bowel disease

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 243 participants
Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo/no treatment

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with inflammatory bowel disease

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D (all doses) changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.97 [0.18, 21.27]
12 studies · 1251 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 408 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Quality of life · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Non‐vertebral fractures · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Acceptability: total withdrawals · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

Calcium and vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from the study for any reason compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.29, 2.35]
2 studies · 541 participants
Low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

SoF vitamin E vs placebo

Hot flush frequency (number/day) · patients with hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐hormonal interventions for hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 104 participants
High

SoF vitamin E vs placebo

Hot flushes score Number of HF x severity (from 1 to 4) ( · patients with hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐hormonal interventions for hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 104 participants
High

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Healing of rickets (number) Definition: normal alkaline phosphatase and bone radiograph

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D plus calcium changes healing of rickets (number) Definition: normal alkaline phosphatase… compared with calcium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.72, 1.9]
2 studies · 140 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Morbidity (number) Definition: fractures

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D plus calcium changes morbidity (number) Definition: fractures compared with calcium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.76]
1 study · 72 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Adverse events (number) Asymptomatic hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D plus calcium changes adverse events (number) Asymptomatic hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria compared with calcium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.29 [0.22, 83.57]
1 study · 37 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Health‐related quality of life

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Growth pattern

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

Socioeconomic effects

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Neonatal mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.11]
6 studies · 1165 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Chronic lung disease · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days in survivors) compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.86, 1.01]
7 studies · 1070 participants
Moderate
Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.77, 0.99]
5 studies · 986 participants
Moderate