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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

259 questions · 266 findings · 31 reviews

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No studies found 56 · 21.1%GRADE not reported 14 · 5.3%Very low 67 · 25.2%Low 97 · 36.5%Moderate 29 · 10.9%High 3 · 1.1%

Probiotics vs placebo

Proven sepsis (positive bacterial culture, local or systemic) · neonates born from 35 weeks of gestation who have underdone gastrointestinal surgery

Summary of findings table ‐ Probiotics showed no clear difference in proven sepsis (positive bacterial culture, local or systemic) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 1 event · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 3 events · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of acute URTIs over a period of time) · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower incidence rate of acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were absent from childcare centre, school, or work due to acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly

It is very uncertain whether intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics changes number of participants who were absent from childcare centre,… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics plus probiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · people with active UC

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics plus probiotics changes failure to induce clinical remission at end of study compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review