What do systematic reviews say?

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing at least one exacerbation compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.58, 1.28]
  2 studies · 485 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.07 [0.51, 2.25]
  1 study · 166 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85 [0.55, 1.34]
  1 study · 319 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 241 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with low back pain/discomfort compared with no intervention (low certainty).

• Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for decreasing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.27]
  3 studies · 107 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with upper back pain/discomfort compared with no intervention (low certainty).

• Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for decreasing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.4, 1.96]
  2 studies · 40 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with neck pain/discomfort compared with no intervention (low certainty).

• Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for decreasing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.76, 1.32]
  3 studies · 115 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes proportion of participants with shoulder pain/discomfort compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for decreasing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.12, 5.8]
  2 studies · 66 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

• Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 573 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

• Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 518 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

• Organisational interventions for improving wellbeing and reducing work‐related stress in teachers 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1102 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

• Organisational interventions for improving wellbeing and reducing work‐related stress in teachers 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 881 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs no intervention

• Organisational interventions for improving wellbeing and reducing work‐related stress in teachers 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 781 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.05 [0.6, 1.85]
  1 study · 192 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Multi‐component intervention may leads to higher adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people achieving adherence… compared with control (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [1.18, 1.59]
  4 studies · 446 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs control

• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 374 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Multi‐component intervention may leads to lower hospital service utilisation: number of people admitted to hospital… compared with control (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.37 [0.22, 0.63]
  2 studies · 877 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs control

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing moderate or severe… compared with control (very low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.71, 1.31]
  1 study · 734 participants
  Very low

A multi‐component delirium prevention intervention vs usual care

A multi‐component delirium prevention intervention probably leads to lower incidence of delirium validated instruments1 compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.59, 0.81]
  7 studies · 1950 participants
  Moderate