What do systematic reviews say?

Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care

Clinic‐based intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.68, 1.1]
  7 studies · 1686 participants
  Low

Hospital‐only intervention vs intervention that continues after hospital discharge

Hospital‐only intervention leads to higher pharmacotherapy + behavioural support vs neither compared with intervention that continues after hospital discharge (high certainty).

• Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [1.09, 1.38]
  7 studies · 5610 participants
  High

Hospital‐only intervention vs intervention that continues after hospital discharge

It is very uncertain whether hospital‐only intervention changes behavioural support ‐ asynchronous** compared with intervention that continues after hospital discharge (very low certainty).

• Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.83, 1.14]
  2 studies · 1598 participants
  Very low

Hospital‐only intervention vs intervention that continues after hospital discharge

Hospital‐only intervention showed no clear difference in behavioural support ‐ synchronous** compared with intervention that continues after hospital discharge (low certainty).

• Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.95, 1.6]
  8 studies · 2299 participants
  Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

• Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 156 participants
  Low
• Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 287 participants
  Low

Pharmacologic intervention vs placebo

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pharmacologic intervention vs another pharmacologic intervention

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pharmacologic intervention vs placebo

Pharmacologic intervention showed no clear difference in retention compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.89, 1.44]
  3 studies · 247 participants
  Low

Pharmacologic intervention vs another pharmacologic intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pharmacologic intervention vs another pharmacologic intervention

Pharmacologic intervention showed no clear difference in retention compared with another pharmacologic intervention (low certainty).

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.76, 1.19]
  2 studies · 190 participants
  Low
• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]
  2 studies · 200 participants
  Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether psychological intervention changes proportion of wounds completely healed at 3 months compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6.25
  2 studies · 76 participants
  Very low
• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59
  2 studies · 76 participants
  Very low

Psychological interventions vs Other Psychological Interventions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether psychological intervention changes number of foot ulcer recurrences at 1 year compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67
  2 studies · 54 participants
  Very low
• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63
  2 studies · 54 participants
  Very low

Psychological interventions vs Other Psychological Interventions

It is very uncertain whether psychological intervention changes proportion of wounds completely healed at 3 months compared with another psychological intervention (very low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.33
  1 study · 16 participants
  Very low

Psychological interventions vs Other Psychological Interventions

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2001 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychological interventions vs Other Psychological Interventions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs care

• Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1255 participants
  Low