Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

34 questions · 34 findings · 4 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections

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No studies found 7 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 5 · 14.7%Low 11 · 32.4%Moderate 9 · 26.5%High 2 · 5.9%

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine may leads to lower influenza compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.42 [0.27, 0.66]
3 studies · 2217 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza‐like illness · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.47, 0.73]
4 studies · 6894 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Pneumonia · people aged over 65 years

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 699 participants
Very low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · people aged over 65 years

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

All deaths · people aged over 65 years

It is very uncertain whether influenza vaccine changes all deaths compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.11, 9.72]
1 study · 699 participants
Very low

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Fever · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in fever compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.57 [0.92, 2.71]
3 studies · 2519 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Nausea · people aged over 65 years

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.75 [0.74, 4.12]
1 study · 672 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · infants and children

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in at least 1 episode of acute otitis media compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.69, 1.02]
4 studies · 3134 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Number of courses of antibiotics · infants and children

Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower courses of antibiotics compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.59, 0.83]
2 studies · 1223 participants
Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs control

Fever · infants and children

Influenza vaccine may leads to higher fever compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [1.06, 1.24]
7 studies · 10615 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Adverse event ‐ rhinorrhoea · infants and children

Influenza vaccine may leads to higher rhinorrhoea compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [1.07, 1.29]
6 studies · 10563 participants
Low

Influenza vaccine vs control

Pharyngitis · infants and children

Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in pharyngitis compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.8, 1.25]
3 studies · 4429 participants
Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.65, 0.79]
4 studies · 19044 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Otitis media · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in otitis media assessed by clinical confirmation (inspection of ear… compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.95, 1.4]
3 studies · 884 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Absence from school · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

It is very uncertain whether inactivated influenza vaccine changes absence from school compared with placebo or do nothing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.46 [0.17, 1.22]
1 study · 254 participants
Very low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Number of parents having to take off work during · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Fever ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Nausea ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation compared with placebo or do nothing (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.36 [0.28, 0.48]
5 studies · 1628 participants
High