Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

8 questions · 15 findings · 1 reviews

No studies found 1 · 6.7%GRADE not reported 3 · 20%Very low 8 · 53.3%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 3 · 20%High 0 · 0%

Food intake · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Food marketing was associated with a significant increase in children's food intake (pooled SMD, 0.25; combined RCT and nonrandomized evidence).

3 findings from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Immediate/short-term (post-exposure) · Predominantly high-income countries · Overall (pooled across designs)
SMD 0.25 [0.15, 0.35]
41 studies
GRADE not reported
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Immediate/short-term (post-exposure) · Predominantly high-income countries · Nonrandomized studies
SMD 0.34 [0.12, 0.57]
11 studies · 8436 participants
Very low
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Immediate/short-term (post-exposure) · Predominantly high-income countries · Randomized trials
SMD 0.20 [0.10, 0.30]
30 studies · 2908 participants
Moderate

Food preference · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Food marketing was associated with increased food preference (pooled SMD, 0.30; combined evidence).

3 findings from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Overall (pooled across designs)
SMD 0.30 [0.12, 0.49]
12 studies
GRADE not reported
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Randomized trials
SMD 0.38 [0.03, 0.72]
8 studies · 1802 participants
Very low
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Nonrandomized studies
SMD 0.21 [0.07, 0.35]
4 studies · 1972 participants
Very low

Food choice · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Food marketing probably increases children's choice of the marketed food (OR, 1.97; moderate certainty, RCTs).

3 findings from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Randomized trials
OR 1.97 [1.46, 2.66]
22 studies · 3838 participants
Moderate
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Overall (pooled across designs)
OR 1.77 [1.26, 2.50]
27 studies
GRADE not reported
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Nonrandomized studies
OR 0.56 [0.05, 5.99]
5 studies · 416 participants
Very low

Food purchasing · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Food marketing showed no clear association with food purchasing by or for children (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries
No clear evidence of association with purchasing. Vote counting: any association of public health harm in 2 of 5 studies (40%; 95% CI, 7.3%-83.0%); all 3 observational NRSs found an association (2 harm, 1 benefit),…
5 studies
Very low

Dental caries · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Evidence on food marketing and dental caries is very uncertain (very low certainty); 1 of 2 studies found an association.

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Nonrandomized studies
Vote counting: 1 of 2 studies (50%; 95% CI, 9%-90.5%) showed an association of public health harm; 1 moderate-quality study found a clear association with caries and 1 high-quality study found no association.
2 studies
Very low

Purchase requests · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Nonrandomized evidence on purchase requests is very uncertain (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Nonrandomized studies
A single observational study contributed to the combination-of-P-values analysis for purchase requests.
1 study
Very low
Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries · Randomized trials
Combination of P values statistically significant in both model iterations, indicating evidence of an association of food marketing with purchase requests.
5 studies
Moderate

Body weight / BMI · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

Evidence on food marketing and body weight is very uncertain (very low certainty); a single study found no association.

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries
A single moderate-quality observational study found no significant association between food marketing and body weight/BMI.
1 study
Very low

Diet-related noncommunicable diseases · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)

No eligible studies were found.

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A… 2022 All outcomes
Predominantly high-income countries
No studies were found with relevant data on diet-related noncommunicable diseases or validated surrogate indicators.
0 studies
No studies found