Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · adults having abdominal surgery
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality rate at 30 days · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality rate at 30 days compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach (assessed at any time) · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia probably leads to higher failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach… compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events (assessed at any time during · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in adverse events (assessed at any time during compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental delivery · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of 1st stage of labour · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in apgar score <7 at 5 min compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Umbilical artery pH · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Umblical vein pH · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review