Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

7 questions · 7 findings · 1 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 1 · 14.3%Very low 3 · 42.9%Low 1 · 14.3%Moderate 2 · 28.6%High 0 · 0%

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal intensive care compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.67, 1.41]
3 studies · 2197 participants
Low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether delayed pushing changes 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.15 [0.01, 3]
3 studies · 413 participants
Very low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 2932 participants
Very low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Delayed pushing probably leads to higher spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [1.03, 1.11]
12 studies · 3114 participants
Moderate

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 3049 participants
Very low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.14]
7 studies · 2775 participants
Moderate