Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

27 questions · 28 findings · 5 reviews

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No studies found 6 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 2 · 7.1%Low 9 · 32.1%Moderate 7 · 25%High 4 · 14.3%

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control

Systolic blood pressure. 35 years or older (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 2688 participants
High

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control

Secondary outcome: all adverse events · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or no intervention

Maternal adverse events · pregnant women and their infants..

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or no intervention

Preterm birth · pregnant women and their infants..

Vitamin D + calcium supplementation may leads to higher preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.52 [1.01, 2.28]
5 studies · 942 participants
Low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or no intervention

Low birthweight · pregnant women and their infants..

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D + calcium supplementation changes low birthweight (less than 2500 g) compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.1, 4.55]
2 studies · 110 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or no intervention

Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women and their infants..

Vitamin D + calcium supplementation probably leads to lower pre‐eclampsia compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.78]
4 studies · 1174 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational diabetes · pregnant women and their infants..

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D + calcium supplementation changes gestational diabetes compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.84]
1 study · 54 participants
Very low